Blacks in the Military

Behind the American dream lies a series of rebels and insurrections on the part of black Americans in order to mark their presence equal to that of the white citizens of the country. Just like the rise of a black man in the society did not happen over night, his status and entrance into the military services also took decades to create a non-segregated military of the contemporary America.The participation of blacks in the U. S. military is a path with its commencement right after the exemption of prohibitive years when the U. S. army permitted the black men to serve the military as cooks and stewards. In the wake of centuries, these African Americans achieved their current status as equal members of the unified U. S. army. This paper succinctly recounts the history of blacks’ entrance into the military and their gradual rise of status over the period of time. The paper also elucidates the importance of the blacks for the U. S. during the times of different wars and the impact of such military activities on the black men in the armed forces of America today. Introduction:â€Å"We must tell stories of black successes to every child in our country because we need heroes. We need them as much as we need our dreams, and black Americans have always provided both_ George H. W. Bush (Rosenthal: 1991). † In the contemporary world, the word ‘black’ refers to a multifaceted concept. Generally the term signifies the people with dark skin involving the human population from Africa, Oceania and Southeast Asia etc. In a more peculiar sense, the word refers to a black-white segregation with its origins profoundly rooted in the American history.More formally, the term Afro-Americans is also employed for the people who had been brought to the U. S. as slaves and had been allocated to different colonies within the country. Although initially allocated as the servants of whites, the blacks gained power with the passage of time resulting in an insurrecti on against the whites due to the inhuman attitude towards them. Once prohibited to cross the premises of educational institutes or dine in the whites’ restaurants, blacks of the contemporary U. S.society not only enjoy equal rights but have proved to be a significant contribution to the country in every walk of life and form one of the chief minorities of America. According to the statistics of 2006 by U. S. Census Beareu about 13. 1 percent of total U. S. population comprises of this minority with a numeric figure around 39,151,870. Today, to more than any area of national strength, these black men and women provide a tenacious contribution to the military of the United States. History of Blacks’ Entrance in the Military: â€Å"Although African Americans have participated in every major U.S. war, the battle for integration and for recognition of the accomplishments of black soldiers has been a slow process (Haney: 2007). † Since the arrival of blacks, no war ha ving U. S. as a participant went without the presence of blacks in the country’s military. During the time of French and Indian wars in the 18th century, the American army heavily depended on black people working as labourers, scouts and drivers etc. Even during the time of World War I, about 404,348 black men and women worked in the Services of Supply-in quartermaster, stevedore, and pioneer infantry units (Lee: 1966, p.5). As a result of their active contribution, the United Press reported that the ‘American Negro troops proved their value as fighters’ (Lee: 1966, p. 6). though appreciated in printed media, the reality possessed extreme racism running between the blacks and whites. After the commencement of the Second World War, the number of blacks enlisted to the military services increased from 3,640 men on 31 August 1939 to 97,725 on 30 November 1941. the following years marked a further increase of black enlistees (Lee: 1966, p. 88). Revolutionary War:Acco rding to the statistics provided by Albrecht and Davis based on U. S. Census Bureau, U. S. Army and U. S. Department of Defence, the eighteenth century holds the history of the Revolutionary War that marked a presence of 5000 black soldiers in the continental army and far more with the British forces as a result of Lord Dunmore’s proclamation in November 1775 promising the freedom of negroes if they support the British. As a result more and more African Americans joined forces against the Patriots since freedom was something they cherished most.So, this war was unique in a sense that blacks served both the continental army and the British colonizers as a part of their military to be used against Americans however the majority of black men and women served the British in road building and other such meagre tasks since they were promised emancipation from years of slavery (PBS). Civil War: Since the year 1861, Civil war has never lost its debate for one reason that its undercur rents still flow in the roots of modern American society. Owing to the great impact of war between whites and blacks, Higham believes thatâ€Å"No other subject in U. S. history, perhaps no other subject in the history of the world, has elicited the tremendous outpouring of writing that has been lavished on the American Civil War (1996). † Although the blacks served in the Revolutionary War, it was till 1792 that the federal law of the United States prohibited the entrance of blacks as arms bearing soldiers. As a consequence of this law, the aspiring blacks raised the issue in Boston requesting the government to bring alternation in the rule. Resulting from the proclamation of emancipation made by Gen.John C. Fremont in Missouri and Gen. David Hunter in South Carolina, an increasing number of slaves were emancipated on one hand when on the other hand the whites’ spirit of voluntary services in military declined. In such a scenario, the need of military personnel in Uni on army was overwhelming thereby making the Government reconsider the ban on blacks. This led to the exemption of ban resulting in gradual recruitment of black volunteers to serve in the army. Formally, it was in the form of Union Army that emerged as a result of acts passed by the Congress in 1862.According to the Second Confiscation and Militia Act, all the slaves with their masters serving in the Confederate Army were freed. In about 2 days, slavery was abolished in all the states of the country. Seeing the aggrandizing number of black men willing to join military the government established a separate Bureau of Colored Troops by 1863. The active participation of blacks in U. S. not only marked a significant chapter of history but also left an impact on literature as the influence can be witnessed in the works of Rudyard Kipling and Kate Chopin.Similarly, movies like ‘Glory’ are constant reminders of blacks’ military role in war times. The U. S. Coast guard bei ng one of the smallest yet effective of the seven uniformed services and military branches of t he U. S with a purpose of patrolling the maritime region also marked an informal entrance of blacks in about 1831 when Captain W. W. Polk, USRCS, commanding the Revenue cutter Florida requested to the Treasury Secretary Samuel D. Ingham to employ his black slave of 21 years on board.After a month of permission, the free blacks were employed as stewards and cooks. The year 1887 marked a heyday for the African Americans military status in the coast guard when Captain Michael A. Healy was commissioned as the commander of the cutter Bear till 1895 (U. S. Coast Guard). Korean War By 1930s the prejudices of whites against blacks started to debilitate. It was in 1937 that the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church, U. S. A passed a resolution which said, â€Å"We accept completely the ideal of the brotherhood of all races, as all are the children of God.We therefore call upon Christians ev erywhere to practice mutual good-will and cooperation among all racial groups, to eliminate every form of discrimination, and to work actively for the recognition of civil and religious rights of all minority groups(Sternsher: 1969. p. 105). † Although a part of military comprising of nearly one million soldiers, the blacks were still considered unfit for military services by the white military men till 1941 when black leaders proposed a constitution of all-black combat units on experimental basis.The outstanding performance of these black units led to their participation on permanent basis thereby disentangling the military from the shackles of prejudices against the minority. In the words of Retired U. S. Army Colonel Bill De Shields, â€Å"The symbol of black participation at that time was ‘the Double V'. in other words, ‘Double V' meant two victories: victory against the enemy abroad, and victory against the enemy at home. The enemy at home of course being rac ism (VOA: 2005). † By the late 1950s that marked the end of Korean War, the black units were kept separate.Although some blacks worked in white units too, their presence was only in the capacity of lower staff members. Vietnam War: The era of Vietnam War was the time when U. S. Army had fully integrated with whites and blacks serving in the same combat units and absence of racism. The blacks by this time had appraisal in their ranks and served even as generals (VOA: 2005). Of all the races participating in the Vietnam War, blacks are often considered to have suffered the most in terms of the casualty rate. Comprising of 11 percent of the total participating population, blacks served the U.S. in Vietnam in disproportionate number comprising of about 20 percent of early combat deaths. Later the proportion of casualties declined to about 12. 5 percent (Albrecht and Davis). The figure points out the increasing role of blacks in the military. There lie several reasons behind the gr eater black demise in comparison with other races. Firstly, as the fight between South and North escalated, the U. S. needed more soldiers because of the heavy rate of casualty at the front thereby resulting conscription of people for military services.According to the studies of Defence department of Sam Houston University, a considerable number of blacks entered the U. S. military in this way that formed 16 percent of its total population. Secondly, it is often reckoned that the high casualty rate was not just because of increasing number but partly due to the higher morale and willingness of blacks to offer their voluntary services causing their casualty rate supersede other races in terms of their participating population. It was the consequence of extraordinary morale of African American military men that about 20 medals of bravery were awarded to these black soldiers.Persian Gulf War: Continued for a time span of almost a year from 1990 to 1991, the statistics of Persian Gulf War as reported by the U. S. Defence Department suggest the presence of black men and women to have made up to 25percent of the American troops when their total share in the U. S. population was about 12percent. This according to Pentagon officials was a result of their willingness rather than their conscription into the military services. The era of Persian Gulf War marked an augmentation of blacks in the military when their joining superseded the whites by three times.This according to many analysts was a way for blacks to improved quality of life. According to Martin Binkin a military analyst, the percentage of black young men and women serving in military forces by 1991 was 30-33percent in comparison with that of 16 to 17percent for the white youngsters (Wilkerson: 1991). It was such participation and morale of black Americans in the Persian Gulf War that President H. W. Bush exalted their chivalry with the following words, â€Å"For two centuries, black soldiers have establish ed a record of pride in the face of incredible obstacles (Rosenthal: 1991). † Iraq War:In the words of Gregory Black, founder of web portal of black military, â€Å"The first reason for the drop is the black community’s overall objection to the war (Foley: 2007). † The growing unpopularity of Bush Administration after the invasion in Iraq and continual spending on the war to cause a deficit in the year 2008 is not only confined to the international community but has greatly affected the numeric strength of the U. S. military. Although, the U. S. army has suffered an enormous decline in terms of the number of people applying for the military services, the fall of military participation is highest for the black community.According to the analysis of Williams and Baron in The Boston Globe, the blacks’ percentage in the U. S. military has declined by 58percent since 11 September 2000 but Iraq War seemed to have greatly catalyzed the process as suggested by oth er military analysts, Pentagon surveys, and interviews with young African-Americans. The analysis of James Foley made in the fall of the last year suggests that the whites who formed 61 percent of the recruits in the year 2000 now make up around 67 percent of the U. S. military force (2007).Michael O'Hanlon, a military analyst for the liberal-leaning Brookings Institution, witnesses this trend to be a loss for the American army since he believes that the ‘African-Americans have been such a key part of the modern military (whose decline) portends the possibility of a longer-term loss of interest. It can be tough to get it back’ (Williams and Baron: 2007). For the blacks, the threat of Iraq War is double edged. It does not only mean a loss of a few lives but poses a threat of the loss of a whole generation since the blacks are in minority as approved by the fact that 3,540 U. S.troops have died in Iraq’s bloodshed till the last year (Baldor: 2007). Also, the discou raging attitude from the military has dissuaded many blacks. Lieutenant Colonel Irving Smith, a sociologist at the US Military Academy at West Point, the basic goal behind excessive blacks’ participation was to reach equal status of citizenship and leadership roles in the mainstream but ‘The fewer African-Americans that enlist, the fewer African-Americans there are that can tell their stories in the future. The fewer that get commissioned as officers, the smaller the leadership pool will be in the future’ (Williams and Baron: 2007).At the top of everything James Foley in his article ‘Black interest in military service decreasing’ also believes that the decline is also because the key influencers in the black community are against the war. As a result of their ascendance on their followers, more and more blacks are being dissuaded from their participation in the U. S. military (2007). It was the foresight of blacks regarding their decline as a result of Iraq invasion that in the year 2003, different polls investigating the attitude of people towards Iraq invasion suggested that the blacks opposed Iraq War much more than the whites.Pew Research Centre’s poll suggested the support of 44 percent of African-Americans in comparison with 73percent whites, According to the Atlanta Journal-Constitution/Zogby America poll, only 23percent blacks supported the war whereas according to the findings of the Joint Centre for Political and Economic Studies, the percentage of these black votaries declined to 19 percent (Jackson: 2003). The reason behind such opposition is that the blacks make up far more percentage in the U. S. military as compared to their share in the country’s population.Conclusion: Due to a record of excessive invasions and interventions of the U. S. in the past few decades, what stays most wounded is the military wing of the country. Since the operations of the U. S. military in Afghanistan and Iraq, the count ry’s army has lost its charm for many U. S. citizens to a considerable deal. Of these Americans, the reaction is most severe from the black community as proved by the fact that the participation level of blacks in the U. S army has enormously declined over the last few years.With a history of intrepid contribution as warriors and soldiers of the Spanish American War in 1898, the Korean war in early 1950s, the Vietnam war of 1960s and 1970s and the Persian Gulf war of early 1990s, the blacks of the contemporary U. S. seem less inclined to the military services thereby causing a serious threat to the over all strength of the U. S. With their contribution in all the capacities of armed forces, the black military men of today play a key role for the unified army at one hand whereas their very presence poses a risk of losing entire generations of African Americans on the other hand.Keeping in mind the nature of risks for black Americans, it is likely that the recent trend of decli ning participation would continue for the years to come thereby debilitating the military strength of the world’s super power. References African Americans in the United States Coast Guard. U. S. Coast Guard. Jan. 1999. Retrieved on 24 Feb. 2008 < http://www. uscg. mil/hq/g-cp/history/h_Africanamericans. html> African-American Soldiers in World War II Helped Pave Way for Integration of US Military. Voice of America. 10 May 2005.Retrieved on 24 Feb. 2008 Baldor, Lolita C. Number of Blacks Joining Military Down. Washington Post. 25 Jun. 2007. Retrieved on 25 Feb. 2008 Black Americans in Defense of Our Nation, Sam Houston State University, Department of Defence, 1985, retrieved on 24 Feb. 2008 Foley, James. Black interest in military service decreasing.Medill Reports Washington. 29 Nov. 2007. Retrieved on 25 Feb. 2008 Haney, Elissa. Info Please. Blacks in the Military: The fight for recognition of African-American soldiers. 2007. Retrieved on 24 Feb. 2008 < http://www. infop lease. com/spot/bhmmilitary1. html> Higham, Robin and Woodworth, Steven E. The American Civil War: A Handbook of Literature and Research. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996. Jackson, Derrick Z. Blacks Have Good Cause to Oppose War in Iraq.Common Dreams News Centre. 26 Feb. 2003. Retrieved on 25 Feb. 2008 Lee, Ulysses. The Employment of Negro Troops. Washington D. C. : U. S . Government Printing Office. 1966. Rosenthal, Andrew. War in the Gulf: The Black G. I. ; Blacks Are Hailed by Bush for their role in Military. The New York Times. 26 Feb. 1991. Retrieved on 25 Feb. 2008 Sternsher, Bernard.The Negro in Depression and War: Prelude to Revolution, 1930- 1945. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1969. The Revolutionary War. PBS. Retrieved on 24 Feb. 2008 Wilkerson, Isabel. War in the Gulf: The Troops; Blacks Wary of Their Big Role as Troops. The New York Times. 25 Jan. 1991. Retrieved on 25 Feb. 2008 Williams, Joseph and Baron, Kevin. Military sees big decline in black enlistees. The

Suenos de Una Tarde Dominical En La Alameda Central

The author of this mural is Diego Rivera. He is one of the most important artists in Mexico. Also, he had the capacity to involve the people in his work. Diego Rivera always focused his work on politics and history of Mexico. We have the clear example in Suenos de una Tarde Dominical en la Alameda Central. It was painted for Diego Rivera in 1947. The original mural was established in one of the principal walls in the Prado Hotel, but after the earthquake in 1985 it was removed to Palacio Nacional in Mexico City. As had been noted, Diego Rivera a long of 74m2 painted the most important events from Mexican history, dedicated for all the people. For this reason, I chose to analyze this source, because I like the Mexican history and I am fan of Diego Rivera. Suenos de una Tarde Dominical en la Alameda Central focused on the claim of Indigenas (native groups), that was a fundamental topic by Diego Rivera. Another important topic that is represented in the mural is the fight of the social classes. Besides this, the mural was designed in chronological order; it begins on the left side with the Conquest of Mexico. Diego Rivera in so many cases represented the figure of Hernan Cortez with a grotesque image but in this case, he represented Cortez with his hands bleeding. Also in the mural he painted the first New Spain Archbishop, Fray Juan de Saronga who in 1539 was ordered to burn alive one son of Nezahualcoyolt. This person was the first victim of the Holy Inquisition in New Spain. This terrifying institution was brought from Spain and burned alive all the people that were accused for heresy. In the mural this ritual is personified for Dona Mariana de Carbajal, who mounted on a donkey is driven to fire; she is followed by San Benito Verde, a symbol of the executioner. Likewise appearing in this section is Luis de Velasco who was the eighth viceroy in the New Spain, he opened the Alameda in 1592. In addition, an important figure in this mural is Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz, she was the most important poet in the seventeen century and a Woman’s Rights defender. On the other hand, the painter Diego Rivera devoted half of his life to painting murals. In some cases his work was misunderstood and destroyed. For example this mural, when it was opened one archbishop denied to bless the Prado Hotel because the mural has the phrase â€Å"God does not exist†. This phrase was written on a paper that was held for Ignacio Ramirez, who was a free thinker. A consequence of this was diverse Catholic’s groups attacking the mural. To avoid the damage it was covered for eight years until 1956, when it was showed again after the painter had already changed the phrase to â€Å"Conferencia de Arteletra de ano 1836†. In the second stage of the mural Diego Rivera painted Mexico as an Independent country. He also painted the figure of Antonio Lopez de Santana, who was general and political figure; he was president of Mexico for eleven years between 1833 and 1855. Next to Santana appears the Gral. Winfield Scott invaded Mexico in 1846, comanded his troops to occupy the Alameda during the invasion. Nonetheless, in the same section we have a mystery, some people question why Diego Rivera did not paint the principal figures of Mexico’s Independence. For example, Miguel Hidalgo and Morelos he did not consider them important figures, instead he chose the face of Iturbide who was in the Spanish military. Iturbide helped and supported the Independence of Mexico and was emperor of Mexico for ten months. In addition is important to mention that Diego Rivera in his mural mixed characters from history and folk. For example, the old man who was sleeping. In any event, Diego Rivera liked to present the history of Mexico in his murals. Other stages he represented were the reform and imperialism, Diego Rivera painted the character of Benito Juarez holding a role, in it is a phrase about respect. Among other people in the mural that is presented are Maximiliano and his wife Carlota. He was emperor of Mexico, during his period Carlota remodeled the Alameda because it was in bad condition. The reform was related with Benito Juarez and Imperialism was releated with Maximiliano de Hasburgo. Finally, the artist expressed the Porfiriato. It was denoted by the newspaper â€Å"EL IMPARCIAL† one of the most important newspapers in those years. Therefore, the mural has a lot of details and symbolism that focuses on the claim of Indigenas and on the social classes. For this reason, is important know that the mural was painted during the presidency of Miguel Aleman in Mexico. This period was relevant because he fought against the social classes such as Diego Rivera. He was also interested in the equality between the workers and entrepreneurs. Another important event was the reform of the third article in the constitution. In consequence, a lot of places like Bellas Artes and other important culture centers was remodeled and opened for all the people. Also, this reform prevented and combated the illiteracy in Mexico. The liberty of expression by the artist given more respect and artists like Diego Rivera could paint murals about the government and the injustice he experience from the government without a problem, except for some religious groups. In fact, this mural is an inspiration for all the Mexicans because it represented the most important events in the Mexican history. Also, this mural symbolizes all the people that fought for a better country in the different stages of the Mexican history. For example Benito Juarez, who was president of Mexico and established the Reform Laws. In the same way, Diego Rivera expressed his opinion about the injustice that some groups were subject to. Also the artist illustrated a day in la Alameda Central, one of the most important places in Mexico City. The placement of his mural was seen as an advantage, because it is in Palacio National the home of experts and critics in history, politic and art. For this reason Diego Rivera and his mural are an important piece for represent the pace and justice in Mexico.

Billabong International Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Billabong International - Case Study Example The past few years have seen an increase in the E retailing business. With E Bay and Amazon recording remarkable success, this decades business portals like Ali Baba and EC21 of Korea or 163.com of China have come up from different regions of the world. The trend of this era is to have e-commerce enabled business for success. Due to this any businesses have started including their own business portals ad web pages on their website include e commerce pages to capitalize on the traffic visiting their website. Considering the marketing strategies of billabong International, I would suggest that there is only one customer requirement that has been overlooked and that is the e availability. Billabong international has a web presence but I would suggest that it requires exclusive web pages that showcase their product lines along with prices and discount schemes if any. Such a web portal would not only serve the needs of the Australian and New Zealand based web surfers surfing online for surf boards and other sports products but would also serve the purpose of drawing attention from other parts of the world like developing countries with high growth rates including Pakistan and India, two up coming markets where our competitors Nike and Adidas are very strong in the apparel sector. Presence in the surf board sector is limited and surf boards are available only at limited outlets. This is mainly due to the fact that surfing is not a very popular sport in these two countries. However, these are untapped markets where by promoting this sport, Billabong will be expanding its geographical markets as well. Considering the above, we propose that Billabong International should launch: 1. Their E Business Portal, a website or WebPages on its existing websites that are geared towards generating internet sales i.e. E Retailing. 2. Our second proposition is that Billabong should launch an International Exhibition, in Australia, to display its surfing and other products and invite industry professionals and the consumers purchasing its products from data collected from outlets. These are likely to purchase goods from the exhibition. Purpose: The objective of this research is to determine how successful an E Portal would be and what value would it add to Billabong International. What factors may lead to website failure What impacts might that have on the brand name How and what information needs to be collected to ensure that the E Commerce enabled website would be successful. This report seeks to answer all of these questions through primary and secondary research. SECONDARY RESEARCH Secondary research was carried out to find out the size of the market, the target market requirements and the change in shopping trends over a period of years. a.Size of the Market Forrester research states that the amount of ecommerce activities worldwide reached US $ 6.8 trillion in the year 2004 as compared to just US $ 43 Billion in 1998.New Zealand and Australia are part of this same cycle. According to a report by META Group , New Zealand is one of the top ten countries where E-commerce can be developed. According to International Data Corporation " IT solutions in New Zealand will account for 29.6% of the total spending in the IT market

US Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

US Government - Essay Example However, there are a lot of controversies related with the establishment of ICC. These controversies have created a complex political nature of International lawsuits which eventually has created attentions for remedy (Carroll 21). The U.S government and the Israelis were reluctant to sign the agreement meant to ratify the development of the international criminal court. This is because the two states feared that the ICC would be a threat to their internal situations. For instance, they feared that their soldiers would be prosecuted due to war crimes. In addition, other state also saw ICC as a threat due to the introduction of hybrid procedures. However, all these political issues led to complexity in handling international trials (Carroll 21). The International criminal court carries out proceedings that are faced with a lot of problems. The first one is that their trials are long and expensive. However, as a global community we should solve this problem through application of Guilty pleas. These are the admission of blameworthiness by an individual accused of a crime. In most cases a prosecutor in the international criminal court can be allowed to play a part in plea bargain. In this case, the prosecutor will agree to reduce punishment or charges in return with guilty plea. This guilty plea is important because it helps in avoiding complicated, expensive and lengthy trials. In addition, the international criminal court will avoid consuming resources and will help in handling a sizable caseload and dealing swiftly with complex cases (Carroll 23). The second problem is that the International Criminal Court fails to recognize the basic rights of the accused individuals. In order to solve this problem, the set of procedures used in the ICC should include the basic rights of the accused individuals (Carroll 22). These rights include presumption of innocence, the right to know the evidence used by the prosecutor, the right to remain silent, the

Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ralph Ellisons Invisible Man - Essay Example Because he is black, the narrator automatically finds himself straddling racial barriers and prejudices yet he only begins to realize how he is regarded through the divisions of the equal rights movement by recognizing that he himself is "both sacrificer and victim." (p. 506). This description is apt for every social circle that has accepted him, for the narrator has either been a tool or a symbol in each instance; whether the gathering is white or black, the narrator is never a full member of any group, but only included until sacrificed in the interest of the group. Ellison reinforces this notion that the narrator is "a disembodied voice" (p. 581) by never offering any real description of him to the point of never even giving the character a name, even when it is changed. The narrator at one point ruminates about his history of humiliations, observing that "They were me; they defined me." (p. 508). Working form this basis, the narrator's degree of invisibility can therefore also be measured by them and, since they hinge upon racial issues, a closer examination of these instances and the people involved underscore the narrator's ultimate lesson. Likewise, the narrator is not the only "invisible character in the book, given that it applies to an outsider's view of another he is just the only one in the novel that suspects the enormity of the injustice. This paper will attempt to examine both these issues.. The racial strata are divided into four rough categories: bigoted whites, whites sympathetic to the black cause, blacks who seek to achieve solidarity across racial lines (equality with whites), and blacks seeking to uplift/aid their race without the help (or interference) of whites. The first and last tend to believe the absolute worst stereotypes about the other race, while the border categories are often to blinded by their intentions to realize the full ramifications of their actions. The most extreme case of bigoted whites occurs in the scene of the battle royal, where the prominent whites of the narrator's hometown gather to witness a cruel brawl. The narrator, invited to give a speech, is instead forced to box nine other men black men, all of them blindfolded. The fighter are paid after the fight with money scattered across an electrified rug and they must get repeatedly shocked in order to get their reward. When the narrator is finally allowed to deliver his speech, which in cludes such platitudes as "cultivating friendly relations with the southern white man" (p.30), under constant heckling form the audience, which results in his accidentally inserting the phrase "social equality." By assuring the crowd that it is a verbal slip, he is allowed to finish his speech and is rewarded with a briefcase and a scholarship to college. In this scene, the narrator and his peers are essentially invisible as individuals to the white gathering, who in turn allow their hatred and prejudices to erase their own identity. Both groups then become faceless and unidentifiable other than by the color of their skin. Yet is the white gathering who are evidently in control, for, not only do they demean the black men, they reward the blacks only for adhering to the expected social order what

Criminal Litigation. Case Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Criminal Litigation. Case Management - Essay Example The inclusion of expert evidence in civil and trial has increased remarkably to encompass, for example, modern and innovative scientific procedures and related assessment reports. This paper critically examines how courts have influenced expert evidence at trial. Common law traditions require that expert witnesses are only sought with the permission of the court and that the principal obligation of the experts is to remain impartial to the court during the course of their submissions. The obligations and conduct of expert witnesses are well stated in both the Practice Direction 35 and the Civil Procedure Rules (CPR) Part 35, with CPR Part 35.3 specifically indicating that: experts are duty-bound to assist the judicial process on the issues within the scope of their respective professions. The obligation surpasses any duty to the party from whom such a professional has received briefing or who is responsible for their earnings (Gans 353). In addition, Practice Direction 35.2 also indicates that expert evidence should be the impartial outcome of the expert who is free from the duress caused by the long-drawn and challenging litigation procedures. However, the fact that there are two different categories of experts raises the controversy of impartiality at trial. As Sonenshein and Fitzpatrick (14) noted, an expert with clear directions to provide evidence at trial and another expert whose evidence is basically advisory may have clearly delineated mandates. However, the provisions of CPR Part 35 and Practice Direction 35 normally apply in factual evidence provision rather than giving opinion evidence at trial. Expert evidence in court processes is regarded as having the potential to shade more light on issues which are beyond the understanding of conventional fact-finding process. However, members of the court are sometimes ill-equipped to tell whether expert

Intrusion into the Lives of Public Figures Essay

Intrusion into the Lives of Public Figures - Essay Example In general, the world we live in is bound to be filled with observers. Taking a portion of a whole, the United Kingdom has her share of glorious intrusion unto the lives of public figures with unprecedented fame and popularity. The paparazzi are like the earliest of birds, leaking information into the open - something that celebrities disgust and fear the most. To protect their privacy, numerous cases have been filed to the Royal Courts. Basically, these claims are being heard in accord with Articles 8 and 10 of the European Convention on Human Right. However, these definitions are in somewhat contrary to a disclosure of information about persons with records of sexual misgivings especially pedophiles. In this paper, the following important considerations will be dealt in accordingly. First, privacy rights of celebrities and suspected child sex offenders will be discussed in such detail with reference to some cases. Despite attempts of the UK media to justify intrusion, the consensus of UK judges in the legal protection of certain fundamental values will be at the heart of succeeding discussions. How have UK judges defined the values that strengthen a right to privacy Where do we draw the barrier between 'public' and 'private' parts of a person's life On the other hand, the discussion will continue from the perspective of protecting interests such as public safety or child welfare. Since the public demands for disclosure of information about sexual offenders, is it logical to assume that they forfeit any 'right to privacy' because of previous convictions Privacy is a right that everyone deserves to have. It is by far the absolute result of someone needing enough space and enabling him to enjoy even the simplest of things. American lawyer Judge Cooley in 1888 defined privacy as "the right to be let alone" (29). Another suggestion came from Geoffrey Robertson who in 1993 suggested that the right to privacy is, at its most basic and generic, "the right to be able to live some part of life behind a door marked 'do not disturb'" (104). Let alone, this right has been the subject of many debates regarding whether celebrities have fully enjoyed it or not and as such, given the High Courts notions to think about forcing them to create consensus in defining fundamental values that adhere to a successful, unambiguous protection of the right to privacy. Let it be remembered that Gareth Crossman, et. al. has noted, "In the United Kingdom, privacy's time in the spotlight will continue for the foreseeable future. Continued attention from the courts also appears likely, given the rapid development of case law relating to privacy over the short period since the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) came into force. Media attention continues unabated as the courts continue to grapple with the competing demands of privacy and freedom of expression, and the question of whether there is a distinction between 'the public interest' and 'what interests the public'". Before proceeding, it is imperative to incorporate Articles 8 and 10 of the Convention insofar as they are relevant in understanding decisions of core cases. Article 8 -Right to respect for private and family life entails that everyone has the right to respect for

PRACTISE STUDY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

PRACTISE STUDY - Essay Example These activities of Imagine Mental Health stem from its belief that by supporting people with mental health problems it is possible to enable them to do what they want to do, live their lives as they want to live and access those opportunities that are available to all citizens, in short to lead a full and independent life (Imagine). Governmental support for these activities is available through the government social exclusion action plan. This action plan became a reality in September 2006, when the department of health and the department of work and pension initiated it to encourage social activities and employment for those suffering from severe mental health. The social exclusion action plan is envisaged as a programme that will involve the participation of the public sector, the private sector and the voluntary organization. As a voluntary organization with similar objectives as the social exclusion plan, Imagine Mental Health is associated with this effort of the government (Re aching Out: An Action Plan on Social Exclusion). The company operates through the mainstream service by enabling clients who have been socially excluded to reclaim their place back in the mainstream of society. The company is staffed by bridge builders, who have a background, and specialist expertise, in a number of life domains that the clients can choose to access. These domains include employment, volunteering, education and training, sports and leisure, art, cultural communities, faith and spirituality, and homes, families, neighbourhoods and befriending (Life Opportunities). As a social work student undergoing placement with Imagine, I have been given the role of employment, education and training bridge builder and also to support other bridge builders to attain the primary objectives of the clients. I have to be creative and have good networking skills to fulfil my responsibilities. I also support clients as their first contact point at Imagine for assessment and

Write a essay about those questions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Write a about those questions - Essay Example Except for the congenital syphilis, syphilis occurs in four distinct stages. In the initial primary stage, there is formation of a sore which is a small, round and firm referred as chancre that occurs at the site of infection. Chancre usually occurs 21-90 days after infection. The ulcer usually disappears and secondary syphilis sets in. This is evidenced by skin rash which do not itch at soles and palms. Symptoms associated with secondary stage syphilis include headache, swollen lymph glands, sore throat and tiredness. In the latent syphilis no symptoms are evident and the disease progresses to the tertiary stage. Failure to treat syphilis may lead to the complicated tertiary stage which affects almost all organs of the body including the brain, nervous system and heart. Late syphilis presents with mental illness and neurological failures. The diagnosis of syphilis maybe by examination of a chancre by a health worker and laboratory tests confirmation for the disease. Antibiotics especially penicillin are used in treatment of syphilis especially at the primary stages. Syphilis that has affected the neural system may be treated by intravenous injection of penicillin. Prevention of the disease is by avoiding contact (sexual contact) with infected individual and avoiding sex partners. Protected sex may also minimize chances of infection (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases 1). The bacterium Nesseria gonorrhoeae infects the potential victim through the genital tract, mouth and rectum. Transmission of this bacterial disease is through sexual intercourse with an infected partner oral, anal or vaginal. The bacterium has its reservoir in infected humans. Symptoms of this STD include discharge in both men and women though some infected individuals may not present with any symptoms. These symptoms are evident after 2-10 days after sexual intercourse with an infected individual. In women possible symptoms

Issue of importance, personal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Issue of importance, personal - Essay Example These organized crime groups try to legitimize their business as much as possible. These organized crime groups also bribe officials for their safety all over their vicinities (United States 2007; Finckenauer 2005). It was in the early twentieth century that organized crime started to emerge in United States. It is presumed that it was the Italian Mafia that entered the US in the very beginning. The immigrants who entered United States usually made their own ‘families’ and then fought with each other to cause problems for the civilians of the United States. It was then that the situation worsened and police officials entered the arena to wipe out the organized crime from United States. Organized crime in United States at first established themselves by pursuing illegal activities such as drug trafficking, prostitution, gambling and bootlegging. It was through these activities that organized crime established itself in the United States (Repetto 2004; US Congress 1968). Organized crime groups had their own methods and strategies to influence the government in such a way that the civilians did not even come to know. At the first instance the organized crime groups established legitimate businesses which would run as a cover for their illegal activities. Gambling and liquor trade gave them enough money to become millionaires from which they bribed the government officials who would then take sides of these crime groups. The government officials knew the power of these crime groups because of which they could not stand against them. The organized crime groups established power all over the states because of which they could influence the government in many ways (Repetto 2004; United States 2007). The post prohibition era is marked by the amendment in the constitution which legalized the liquor trade in United States. This came as blow to organized crime as many of them were dependent on

Letter to the President of a Fast Food Chain Essay Example for Free

Letter to the President of a Fast Food Chain Essay In a recent article from CBS News, it was found out that the percentage of obesity in United States has risen to alarming levels. What is frightening about this statistics is that nearly one third of children in the US aged 4-19 consume six extra pounds every year which jeopardizes their health by making them vulnerable to obesity (Holguin 2003). This is no wonder considering the fact that billions of dollars are allocated to the ludicrous amount of fast food advertising and ubiquitous franchises that virtually leaves the public saturated with high-calorie and low-fiber diet. I am writing to you to explain how detrimental it is for children to consume abnormal amounts of fast food, so that in your capacity as president of a leading fast food chain, you can consider this information and alter the way your products are produced and marketed. It is true that food intake is a matter of individual responsibility. However, in case of children, marketing plays a powerful part in controlling their choices. One of the biggest culprits that make fast food so appealing to children is the marketing of meals with toys. The idea behind associating fast food with toys is to attract a bigger slice of the market since kids would usually be accompanied by their families when they go out to get burger, fries and the latest toy craze. The motto of fast food marketing is to attract kids with â€Å"toys, toys, toys† (Schlosser 2001, 46). Even the facilities and playground section in most fast food chains seem to be a part of marketing this unhealthy food. Advertising, of course, would not reveal how unhealthy the meals that come with the toys are. The high calorie content of these meals comes from heavy frying and large amounts of sugar that appeal to the taste buds of children. Studies show that babies prefer the sweet taste and reject the bitter ones (Schlosser 2001). As such, fast food meals become â€Å"comfort foods† for children because of the addicting experience they have when they consume it (Schlosser 2001, 123). Another problem in preparation of meals in fast food restaurants is the use of hydrogenated oil for frying (Gosline 2006). Hydrogenated oil or trans-fats are hazardous because they increase the risk of heart attack (Gosline 2006). Obesity is another outcome of a steady consumption of high-calorie diet. Although companies promote exercise and having an active lifestyle, these are no compensation for consuming more than the required calories for a day. Obesity is not the final result of a high-calorie diet because it branches out and causes myriad of other health problems including diabetes which attack body systems making it susceptible to host of other diseases and organ failures. Presently, the media, specifically producers of eye-opening documentaries and books, and policy-makers are making efforts to inform the public of the hazards of fast food. These efforts are meant to protect our children from developing unhealthy habits and eventually developing body malfunctions. It is my advocacy that people, including those who are involved the industry of fast food, are informed of the repercussions of unchecked, unbalanced and irresponsible production and consumption of this modern day health hazard. Only through information can we be aware of the dangers that we have been so accustomed to patronize. Sincerely yours, [author] References Gosline, A. (2006). â€Å"Why fast foods are bad, even in moderation. † News Scientist Health. Retrieved 25 January 2009 from http://www. newscientist. com/article/dn9318. Holguin, J. (2003). â€Å"Fast Food linked to Child Obesity. † CBS News. Retrieved 25 January 2009 from http://www. cbsnews. com/stories/2004/01/05/health/main591325. shtml. Schlosser, E. (2001). Fast Food Nation The dark side of the all-american meal. NY: Hughton Mifflin

Theories of Mental Health Illness Within Sociology

Theories of Mental Health Illness Within Sociology Compare and contrast two of the five approaches to mental health illness within Sociology. (social causation, social reaction (labelling theory), critical theory, social constructivism social realism) Mental Health Illness The issue of mental health has long been an object of study for society, the psychiatric professions and sociology has similarly had a long tradition of offering theoretical insights into the phenomenon. Why this might be is open to debate and many of the key sociological theories in relation to mental health have in fact as much to say about the prevailing viewpoints within society and within professional bodies towards mental health as they do about those who suffer from mental health related problems (Cockerham, 1992). The two most radical of the sociological theories concerning mental health have been social reaction or labelling theories as well as that of social constructivism. Both these theories examined within this essay offer a radical conception of mental health in comparison to what might be called the dominant medical and social views on mental health. However while both of these theories offer a radical view of mental health they differ substantially in the theoretical framework which they respectively utilize towards understanding mental health. These differences can be located in broader trends which have occurred within the discipline of sociology itself as a shift in the major theoretical traditions within the discipline, (Delanty, 1999). The two sociological theories examined are that of social reaction and social constructivism. Social Reaction This critical theory emerged in the 1960s which in itself might serve to highlight the broader critical strands present within society when this theory was formulated. Labelling theory works from the simple premise that to define someone as mentally ill conveys upon them a stereotypical image which the person will then act. It drew its framework from the symbolic interactionism school of sociology so at its root this theory sought to examine the ways in which roles and actors interacted and played out within the drama of mental illness (Pilgrim and Rogers, 1999. Thus for labelling theory the relationship between the patient (or the individual defined as ill), family, medical professions and society generally is the determining factor for analysis in relation to mental illness. For labelling theorists then the primary framework for analysing mental illness is to examine the twin concepts of primary deviance and secondary deviance. Primary deviance relates to things which might actually be wrong or actions or circumstances which involve actual rule breaking, (Pilgrim and Rogers, 1999) and for labelling theorists the most interesting item regarding this is the way those around sufferers rationalise and ignore this behaviour up unto a point, (Ineichen, 1979:11). Perhaps the most illustrative study of this phenomenon was the work of Yarrow, Schwartz, Murphy and Deasy (1955) which illustrated the various ways in which wives would dismiss strange behaviour up until a point was reached in terms of deviant behaviour. However it is secondary deviance which labelling theory sees as the much more problematic of the two forms of deviance and it is here that the links also between the second of our theories examined are strongest. For labelling theorists secondary deviance has a number of critical factors. But simply put secondary deviance refers to those manifestations of symptoms which are not related in any way to the actual physical incidence. Thus we might say that the aetiology of secondary deviance is a function of the societal conditions surrounding the individuals rather than intrinsic conditions within the individual themselves. As Rosenham (1973) states The question of whether the sane can be distinguished from the insaneis a simple matter: do the salient characteristics that lead to diagnoses reside in the patients themselves or in the environmentsin which observers find them (250). In Rosenhams case where eight pseudo-patients gained entry into hospitals on the pretence of being insane to answer to this question lay firmly in the area of the observers. While popular at first with a number of studies finding the concepts expressed in the theory to be true in a number of famous studies labelling theory has not decreased in popularity with a number of major criticisms being levelled at the theory as a result of further investigation and continued studies While labelling theory surmised that primary and secondary deviance were linked in that one will tend to lead to the other as a result of the ensuing interaction between the individual sufferer and those that label the sufferer this was not borne out by the research. In the case of Rosenhams study it was found that the label of deviant though at first an uncomfortable and disturbing experience did not persist for a great length of time with the pseudo-patients in the experiment, (Pilgrim and Rogers, 1999). Another weakness expressed in labelling theory is the relationship between the stereotypical images of the insane believed to be held by the public. If society was to blame for labelling the insane then it would have been expected that the images lay people had conformed to the images of diagnosis, yet research has shown that this is not the case. Indeed lay perceptions to mental illness have been demonstrated to only marginally relate to the images associated with medical diagnosis, (Pilgrim and Rogers, 1999:18). Labelling theory accepts then (and is a criticism of the theory) that a distinction can be drawn between physical disorders, primary deviance, and the ensuing reaction from society which causes secondary deviance. For the second theory we examine here the existence of both categories is dependent on society or in other words that mental illness exists as a completely subjective definition. Social Constructivism While referring to a broad range of social critiques across a many wide variety of disciplines it is perhaps best represented in terms of its comments on mental health by the works of the French theorist Michel Foucault. In particular his seminal work The Birth of the Clinic sets out the radical viewpoint with which social constructivism is associated. In this Foucault argues that insanity exists as a classificatory concept derived from the subjective description of medical knowledge. Or that the objectification of insanity occurred after as well as in tandem with the development of psychiatric knowledge, the insane developed as a problematised group which in turn led to strategies being developed to manage them, (Foucault, 1976) Superficially then we can see many similarities between these two theories in that both see a critical role for society in the determination of the meaning of mental illness. The critical difference is that while for social reactionists and labelling theorists a division exists between primary deviance which has a physical locus and secondary deviance which arises out of societal causes whereas social constructivists assign the loci of mental health strictly to the social environment. It does this through utilising the theoretical framework of discourses, thus the subjectivity of being mad is defined through the objectifying process of psychiatric or medical knowledge generally (Pilgrim and Rogers, 1999). While many works recently have adopted social constructivist viewpoints in relation to medical knowledge it is Foucaults works which are the best known and also which have been the most influential in developing this theoretical viewpoint. Foucaults work was in particular concerned with how the shifting conceptions of what madness meant to society led to the development of a discrete set of knowledges which pathologise mental states according to a classificatory system related to madness and what were the strategies which developed as a result of this knowledge towards the control and management of the insane (Foucault, 1972, 1976). This concept has had radial implications for a consideration of mental health and how it is defined in as well as by society. This theoretical framework can be seen thusly to criticise not only psychiatric practice but also psychiatric knowledge and even more critically the processes through which psychiatric knowledge is generated. Indeed from a social constructivist viewpoint it is the very construction of knowledge which leads to the boundaries and categories which delineates and determines who it is we call insane and indeed what it is that makes them insane for society. Perhaps the biggest criticism we can make of the social constructivist viewpoint is the lack of a normative basis to its analysis. While the critique may be valid social constructivist theories can be distinctly vague about resistances to the all powerful discourses which they describe and analyse. Similarly the ability to formulate social policies arising out of the critique may similarly be limited (Rogers and Pilgrim, 2001: 175). A secondary point and one which we have already made in relation to labelling theory is that perhaps social constructivism deconstructs too much certain incidences of mental illness, perhaps there are some illnesses which in their aetioloigcal sense reveal themselves to be indeed physical manifestations of what we might actually be able to call a disorder (Zinberg, 1970). Thus from this analysis we can see the close links as well as the clear differences between these two theories. While both are radical in their outlook we can argue that social constructivism has even been more radical. Similarly while social reaction theories have fallen out of favour along as well it must be noted as symbolic interactionsim in general social constructivist theories have been and continue to be hugely influential not only in relation to mental illness but to a broad range of social scientific disciplines and social issues. References Cockerham, W. C. (1992); Sociology of Mental Disorder; 3rd Ed., Simon and Schuster Co.; New Jersey US Delanty, G. (1999); Social Theory in a Changing World, Polity Press, Malden US Foucault, M. (1976); The Archaeology of Knowledge, Tavistock, London UK Foucault, M. (1976); The Birth of the Clinic, Tavistock, London UK Ineichen, B. (1979); The Social Structure of Modern Britain: Mental Illness, Longman, London UK Pilgrim, D. and Rogers, A. (1999); A Sociology of Mental Illness, 2nd Ed., Open University Press, NY US Rogers, A. and Pilgrim, D. (2001); Mental Health Policy in Britain, Palgrave, Basingstoke UK Rosenham, D.L. (1973); On Being Sane in Insane Places; Science, Vol 179 Jan Yarrow, M., Schwartz, C, Murphy, H. and Deasy, L. (1955); The Psychological Meaning of Mental Illness in the Family, Journal of Social Issues, Vol 11 No. 12 Zinberg, N. (1970); The Mirage of Mental Health, British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 21 No. 3

Importance Of Preservation Of Biodiversity Philosophy Essay

Importance Of Preservation Of Biodiversity Philosophy Essay There are three main arguments in the book. Friedman explains the problems by breaking them down into the simple categories that the world is getting hot, flat, and crowded. He related that the world is hot by explaining global warming and what problems it causes. Globalization is a main contributor to global warming. People consume more so they demand more to be produced which promotes globalization and global warming. The more we produce the more gas toxins are released into the atmosphere causing our air quality to diminish. Friedman takes an optimistic view of global warming by saying that it will help our economy downsize and force us into developing innovative technologies and eventually free us from depending on oil producing countries. Friedman also explains that the world is now flat, meaning that the rise of high-consuming middle classes all over the world is all linked together. As the economy increases the standard of living increases and the middle-class are the ones benefiting the most and causing the most problems. We want too much and waste so much. We buy and buy and buy and then just throw things away after a few uses instead of recycling and conserving. More countries like China and Russia are adopting the American way of living and the planet just doesnt have enough resources. Eventually, all the natural resources of the world will be depleted and we wont know what to do. The last argument is that the world is crowded. The worlds population increases by about a billion every thirteen years. People live longer and there is just not enough space for everyone. We are destroying our forests and jungles to build houses and factories. Pretty soon there will be no natural land preserved for farming and natural habitat. Friedman wraps up his arguments with one main thesis stating that America can recover from the major problems and by developing new technologies and policy solutions that pertain to energy and environmental stresses on the planet. He predicts that because America is the major contributor to these problems and that we have been facing these problems for some time now, we will be the first to invent these innovative technologies. Once we have these inventions we will be able to sell them to the rest of the world and gain some of the power we have lost. Part 2- Analysis (15 points) (1.5 pages max for each answer) Answer any THREE (5 points each) Why is the preservation of biodiversity important in a hot, flat and crowded world? How can we preserve biodiversity? The preservation of biodiversity is important because it is what keeps life going on our planet. It keeps species from becoming extinct, it provides crucial services to poor and under-developed areas, and its the little things that help us adapt to the ever-changing world around us. We cant live in a world where species die out regularly. There would be no cycle or continuity. We cant live in a world of cement and stainless-steel. There needs to be life on our planet in order to produce natural resources to survive. Rapid climate change and human development are destroying the biodiversity on our planet. It affects the quality of our lives. If we allow the planet to keep running on this destructive path we will kill off the small unnoticed organisms and species that keep everything running. My old basketball coach used to say take care of the little things and the big things will fall into place. Friedman is basically saying the same thing. If we keep the little things running like insects and plants, we bigger and more developed organisms will benefit. Friedman talks about two main problems with biodiversity. He explains how the poor communities look to natural resources to attain whatever they can to survive. The problem is that too many people are doing this. There are too many poor people depleting our ecosystems. The second problem is globalization. Globalization solves the problem of decreasing the amount of poverty, but it causes so many more. Globalization demands increases in production and consumption which results in competition to get as much, as quick as possible. This causes extinction of all aspects of life on our planet to come much quicker than ever before. To prevent this, the idea of government regulations and ethics of conservation have to be set forth. Governments can put restraints on where companies can develop and preserve ecosystems. Also there has to be new limits on consumption. Consumption of food, land, fuel and pretty much everything has to be cut in order for our planet to survive. Friedman basically explains that our ecosystems have to work in harmony in order to preserve biodiversity. Human beings are the cause of this dissonance. At one point our planet thrived and provided humans with all the natural resources it needed. We have over-consumed and destroyed too much of the planet for it to provide as much as it used too. The more we destroy the more we need to develop artificial ways to provide those natural resources. If we just cut back on consumption and work on making the planet work as it used too we will preserve biodiversity. What is energy poverty and what are its causes? Do you agree that ending energy poverty can help make a hot, crowded and flat world better? How? If you dont agree, explain why. Energy poverty is the fact that one out of every four people do not have access to energy. We take for granted the fact that when we walk into a room we flip a switch and a light turns on. In many countries like Africa that isnt the case. Friedman quotes Freling saying that, energy poverty means you cant pump clean water regularly, theres no communications, no way to have adult literacy classes, and certainly no way to run computers at school or have access to connectivity. Energy poverty means you do not have access to electricity, its more difficult to adapt to climate changes, there is no means to use computers or cell phones which mean you are limited in global commerce, education, collaboration, and innovation. Basically energy poverty limits your ability to do work and therefore limits your ability to thrive in todays world. It also hinders the ability to acquire basic needs the people who arent energy poor take for granted. The causes of energy poverty according to Friedman are economic growth, increased population, overconsumption, high oil and natural gas prices, rationing, and droughts. There is also the problem that some countries dont have the facilities to provide electricity and dont have the funds to build them. Some of these poorer countries are not governed by anyone or thing and are engaged in constant war. I agree that solving the energy poverty problem would make the world better, but I dont think it is a cure-all. Providing energy to these poor countries would definitely give them a way to educate themselves and connect with each other, but how do we make that happen? Friedman goes into saying that the problem with education is there is a teacher shortage and an energy shortage. Providing energy does not necessarily solve the teacher shortage. Who is going to teach the teachers? There is a healthcare issue in these poor countries, but providing energy doesnt mean doctors will want to go to these places, or that there are medicines to cure and help all of these people. Providing energy to places like Africa would be a huge leap for them, but my biggest problem is how do we do that, and where does the money come from? Providing ways of education and facilities to run electricity and allowing communication to be easier wont solve the turmoil going on in these sections of Africa, and will not cure all the diseases and problems they have. It would be a very timely and costly mission that seems like a fairytale. What is the reasoning behind Friedmans argument that Mother Nature and the Market hit the wall at the same time? The Great Recession is when Freidman says Mother Nature and the Market hit the wall. According to Friedman our planet and our markets have been growing at a pace too quick and too destructive to keep up with. Friedman focuses on three main reasons of why the Market and Mother Nature have come to a stop: unethical business and ecological values, under pricing the true costs of risks we partake in, and privatizing gains and socializing losses. Major economies like the US and China have come out with great technologies, but at a very high price. We didnt have the means to develop these products so we borrowed them. This is where the unethical business values and under pricing illuminates. If we spend too much money and too many resources there is nothing left, but these new technologies that last for a short period and then are disregarded. Now that these technologies are thriving we cannot return the resources and demand more. We are living beyond our means. Friedman says that instead of recovering from this recession we should use it as a time to change things. We need to stop living beyond our means and conserve. We cannot keep up this standard of living and pass it on to our children. Something has to be given up. The economy as it is now is unsustainable. Part 3- Critique (1 page maximum) (5 points) My impression of the book is that Friedman touches on many interesting and eye-opening topics. It really made me think about how much I really consume. America is a really wasteful country. I especially liked when Friedman touched on the fact that Americans buy ridiculous gadgets, use them twice, and then buy something else. If America focused on essentials we wouldnt consume so much. I dont usually look too far into things like global warming, but Friedman had good facts backing him up and I was really surprised at how real global warming is. I am big on things like recycling and a greener America. It is good that there are people out there trying to inform the world that changes need to happen and that they need to happen now. Friedman puts a sense of urgency on the fact that changes must be made. He describes and intertwines these problems in a very strategic and understandable way. What I dont like is that he doesnt have direct solutions to these problems. He looks heavily to the government which gives the government more control, and in my opinion, isnt always a good thing. Also, Friedmans ideas seem very costly and he doesnt provide explanations on where this money will come from. We are already in an economic crisis, there isnt any money to work with now let alone put into motion a whole new system of how the world works. My last argument with Friedmans ideas is that he is planning everything around the fact that America will develop these life changing methods of energy and fuel. This is a great optimistic attitude, but what happens if we dont? I hate to be a pessimist, but in todays world nothing is a definite. You cant structure a plan around something that hasnt been developed yet. Overall I enjoyed the book and have a different perspective on what I consume, and what needs to change.

We Must Not Treat Muslims as We Treated the Japanese Essay example --

We Must Not Treat Muslims as We Treated the Japanese The terrorist attacks on 9-11 have frequently been analogized to Pearl Harbor. In many ways, the analogy is apt. Just as that attack launched us into World War II, the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon have launched us into a new kind of war, against terrorism. But waging this sort of borderless war poses great risks, not only to the soldiers commanded to fight but also to core American values. In this way, Pearl Harbor raises other disturbing memories, those of the internment. Like the recent explosions on the East Coast, the bombing of Pearl Harbor on 12-7, shattered our feeling of national security. How could this have happened? Ordinary individuals, prominent journalists, and government officials soon started pointing the finger at the Japanese in America. Viewing these "Orientals" as incurably foreign, speaking foreign languages, perpetuating foreign cultures, practicing foreign religions (Shinto, Buddhism), American society could not distinguish between the Empire of Japan and Americans of Japanese descent. As General DeWitt, in charge of the Western Defense Command, put it, "A Jap's a Jap." In testimony, he elaborated: "[R]racial affinities are not severed by migration. The Japanese race is an enemy race and while many second and third generation Japanese born on United States soil, possessed of United States citizenship have become 'Americanized' the racial strains are undiluted." As government reports rushed to the conclusion that Japanese American s aided and abetted the attack, the wheels of the internment machinery began turning. On February 19, 1942, President Franklin Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, which a... ...l happen if we make such mistakes today? Consider another analogy with the internment. In Hirabayashi, the Court noted that because American society had discriminated against the Japanese legally, politically, and economically, they had been kept from assimilating and integrating into mainstream society. Exactly right. But then, the Court went on the explain-in an entirely rational but still disturbing way-that therefore the Japanese posed a greater national security risk. This presents a horrible Catch-22: Because America has treated you badly, you have reason to be disloyal; therefore, America has reason to treat you still more badly, by restricting your civil rights. In our public and private response to the horrors of 9-11, will we force another group of Americans into the same impossible situation? I hope that by learning the lessons of 12-7 we will not.

Researching the Effect of Cultural Diversity on Group Work Outcomes :: Racial Diversity, Ethnic Diversity

ABSTRACT This paper analyses the relationship between cultural diversity and workgroup outcomes (satisfaction with workgroup, and workgroup performance) in multicultural organizations, in the presence of moderating variables of intragroup conflicts (task, relationship and process conflicts). Literature review suggests that cultural diversity negatively affects workgroup outcomes and triggers conflicts. Analysis of empirical data collected from employees of multicultural organizations produces results in line with the literature and suggests that there is negative relationship between cultural diversity and workgroup outcomes, while intragroup conflicts have a strong moderating effect on the relationship between the two. Although the research implies that culturally homogenous groups have better outcomes, it is often impossible to assemble such groups in current corporate scenario. Therefore, targeted cross-cultural training programs may help individuals function well in culturally diverse gr oups by reducing conflicts and generating favorable group outcomes. INTRODUCTION Organizations often rely on culturally diverse groups to coordinate operations across countries, decrease redundant functions, reduce product development time and bring together a diverse pool of expertise. Culturally diverse groups, however, may not live up to these expectations. Individual differences give rise to intra-group conflicts which hinder the group’s performance as well as the group members’ satisfaction with the group. The fact that homogenous groups hardly exist and heterogeneous workgroups are the need of today’s organizations, it is pertinent to analyze the element of conflict among members of a group and its effect on the group’s performance outcomes. Pakistan, with its strategic geographical location and multicultural society, has been an interesting target for various international organizations that invest in this market and set up operations. These multinational organizations are bound to practice multicultural managements for effective operations (Islam, 2004). Local employees in such organizations are expected to work with people belonging to diverse nationalities who bring with them to the workplace, distinct cultures that effect outcomes of their workgroups. Another perspective of multiculturalism in Pakistani organizations is the presence of ethnic, gender based, religious, sectarian and geographical differences that affect relationships among people working in the same organization. It may be explained by the fact that women tend to face differential treatment at workplaces. People from different provinces in Pakistan generally differ in their attitudes and behaviors. Muslims tend to have a biased attitude towards non-Mu slims, and sectarian differences cause major conflicts of interests (Zubair, 2006). The current study tends to focus on such cross-cultural conflicts that affect workgroup outcomes at workplaces. The study is conducted in Pakistani setting upon national and international organizations.

Destiny, Fate, Free Will and Choice in Oedipus the King - Fates Triump

Destiny, Fate, Free Will and Choice in Oedipus the King - Fate's Triumph At the core of any tragedy there is a cruel change of fortune involved. This change of fortune is a key factor in man's demise and it can result in speculation that perhaps the gods plotted his ruin out of malice. To blame a higher power is the easy way to rationalize the downfall, but upon further investigation it becomes clear that it is actually man's attempt to escape his fate that leads to tragedy. Only when Oedipus was ruined did he realize his efforts to avoid what was pre-ordained were useless. Douglas Johnston states that "choice is at the heart of tragedy" (Johnston 14). In Sophocles' play Oedipus Rex Laius, Jocasta and Oedipus all choose to ignore Apollo's oracle; this decision, to attempt to escape fate, sets off a chain of events that leads to the defeat of these characters. We can only wonder how their lives may have differed if not for these fatal decisions. If one assumes that any attempts to control one's destiny will result in tragedy does the opposite also ring true? Perhaps the way to cheat fate is simply to accept it. Even before his birth Laius and Jocasta have been told that their son's fate is to kill his father and marry his mother. They are determined to save themselves and decide that Oedipus must be killed before he is old enough to carry out the prophecy. This attempt to beat the gods immediately begins Oedipus' journey to ruin as he grows up in nearby Corinth thinking that his parents are King Polybus and Queen Meropà ©. By assuming Polybus and Meropà © are his true parents Oedipus is in a situation where he can unknowingly kill his true father and marry his true mother. At the same time Jocasta and Laiu... ...it is a natural human instinct to seek to avoid one's fate when one knows something bad will happen. Even if man knows he is headed for doom it is one's foolishness, determination and stubborn nature that makes one try to fight the losing battle against destiny. The destruction of Oedipus in Sophocles' play is not an isolated occurrence; rather it is a story whose lessons apply to all of mankind. Works Cited and Consulted: Johnston, Douglas, and Brian Grandy. Greek Tragedy. Ascension Collegiate. 3 Oct. 2001 <http://www.stemnet.nf.ca/~hblake/tragedy1.html>. Rose, Lloyd. "The Greek Tragedy: Doom Is Booming." Washington Post 20 Dec. 1998: G02. 2 Oct. 2001 <http://academics.vmi.edu/english/greekdrama.html>. Sophocles.   "Oedipus Rex."   An Introduction to Literature, 11th ed.Eds. Sylvan Barnet, et al.   New York: Longman, 1997. 800-836.

Hutch Vodafone Takeover

After months of pitched battle, British mobile telecom major Vodafone Monday formally said it is buying a 67-percent stake in India's fourth largest mobile firm Hutch-Essar for $11. 1 billion and targeting a 25-percent market share in the country in five years. The London-headquartered company, that submitted a formal bid to the Hutchison Whampoa group midnight Friday, had earlier offered to pay $19 billion for the entire 100 percent-stake in Hutch-Essar. Vodafone has also agreed to take over a debt worth $2 billion. The remaining 33 percent stake in the mobile phone company is with the Ruias of Essar. Vodafone has offered to buy that stake as well. â€Å"Vodafone announces it has agreed to acquire companies that control a 67-percent interest in Hutch Essar from Hutchison Telecom International Ltd. (HTIL) for a cash consideration of $11. 1 billion,† a Vodafone statement said. For Vodafone, the acquisition will make India their third largest mobile phone market after Germany and the US with over 23 million subscribers and a 16. ercent national market share, industry sources said. â€Å"This announcement is clear evidence of how we are executing our strategy of developing our presence in emerging markets,† said the India-born chief executive of Vodafone Arun Sarin. â€Å"We have concluded this transaction within our stated investment criteria and we are confident it will prove to be an excellent investment for our shareholders. Hutch Essar is an impressive, well run company that will fit well into the Vodafone Group. According to industry experts, the mobile telecom giant, which has considerable expertise in third-generation (3G) mobile telephony segment, will have an edge over others once the new policy is rolled out later this in year or early 2008. Vodafone, which also had 10 percent stake in rival Bharti Airtel, said it will share the infrastructure with the company, based on a pact signed with the Sunil Bharti Mittal group. Infrastructure sharing is expected to reduce the total cost of delivering telecom services, especially in rural areas, enabling both parties to expand network coverage more quickly and to offer more affordable services to a broader base of the Indian population,† the statement said. Vodafone has also offered to offload 5. 6 percent of the said 10-percent holding to the Mittal family for $1. 6 billion. The Mittals, meanwhile, congratulated Vodafone on the deal, which is expected to make competition fiercer in the Indian telecom market. Vodafone's remaining 4.4 percent stake will, however, be retained and the group will act as a financial investor and not have any representation on the Bharti Airtel board, nor have any management rights, the statement added. Other players who had participated in the bidding process were Anil Ambani's Reliance Communications and the London-based Hindujas, both of whom have also congratulated Vodafone for making a successful entry into India's booming telecom market. Vodafone has operations in 25 countries with over 200 million proportionate customers at end of January 2007, as well as 36 partner networks, a company statement said.

Is Studying Ancient Egypt in Its African Context Afrocentric? Essay

canvas antediluvian Egypt is African context can be definitively idealistic as Afrocentric. Evidence of this is given from antediluvian Egypts geographical location, the ancient Egyptian socialisation, and linguistics.What is currently known as afrocentrism is a heathenish ideology first organise from the work of late nineteenth atomic number 6 and untimely twentieth century fateful intellectuals. Afrocentrism manifested into its current form because of the African-American intellectuals during the complaisant Rights Movement and African-American Studies de severalizements in black colleges and universities across the nation. Afrocentricity deals with asserting African culture and the contributions of Africans, especially in the Western world. Egypt, world a part of Africa, is well deep down the grounds of being a part of Afrocentricity. ancient Egypt was a rattling good society with cutting edge scientific advances in its term. Its cultural catchs have go forth a mark on nowadayss society. Because of this, Europeans have adopted the antediluvian Egyptians and tried to make them seem discrepant from the rest of the African continent. They have through with(p) this through history rewriting and media fashioning the African-American community believe that superannuated Egypt was never a factor in the growth of Africa.For this response, I will be using two clauses provided to me by Dr. wood and the deuce-ace source I use was from Dr. Molefi Kete Asante, one of the founders of the idea of Afrocentrisim. The first expression I chose to discuss is called Is Studying Ancient Egypt in its African context Afrocentric? by S.O.Y. Keita. In this article, he thoroughly answers this doubtfulness by addressing points that indefinitely proves that Ancient Egypt should be considered in its African context. The second article I used is called Egypt, Africa and the Ancient worldly concern by Joesp Cervello Autuori where he comp ares Egypt to Africa more in depth. This article was very useful and helped me earn a more broad chance of how Ancient Egypt related to the rest of Africa. The third source I used was an earnings website that contained an overview of the definition of Afrocentrisim. This was very reliable in the aspect that Dr. Molefi Kete Asante was one of the founders of the idea of Afrocentrisim. It was very enlightening provided a historical context.physically and culturally Ancient Egypt is a whacking part of Africa. Many scholars indicate that Egyptian prehistory are agreed on two basic principles the African geological context, according to which the Egyptian Epipaleolithic and Neolithic cultures are included in a large-minded Saharan Nile context and the continuity of while (Autuori 113). Ancient Egypt was forged on the Nile River, a main geographical landmark in Africa. Although Ancient Egypt may be stodgy to Asia, it is a part of the African continent. The southern and western parts of Egypt are rin g by African landmass. The Mediterranean sea and he Sinai Peninsula separate Egypt from Asia and Europe.Africas botany and fauna were used in token systems in archaeozoic Egyptian culture. Animals aboriginal to Africa were used in early hieroglyphics and iconographies. This makes it translucent that on that point is a definite refer between Egypt and its African posterity. Late prehistoric Egyptthe essentially African nature of many of the cardinal features of Pharaonic civilizationit also explains the non-finite cultural parallels between ancient Egypt and twain the ancient Saharan and modern black African civilizations (133). The geographic location and the cultural root defined by its symbolic representation system and iconographies suggests that the people were indigenous, or at least that the culture developed topically and was non an import (Keita 125).When examining the linguistics of a spoken communication it is believed that similar languages exercise from a single parent language. Over time this parent language changes due to the dispersion out of its speakers. When putting back unneurotic the parent language a timeline of the language family can be found. This timeline helps to identify a culture and possibly the surroundings of early speakers of that language. The language that was used in Ancient Egypt belongs to the Afro-Asiatic family and the members of that family are generally found in Africa. The plants and wildlife shown in early hieroglyphics were displays of the natural environment of the African continent. The Afro-Asiatic family also originated in Africa. It was not brought to Africa from another continent. The language was not import from Asia or Europe. The plants and animals in the early hieroglyphs come from the local environment (Keita 126).In conclusion, there are many ways that Ancient Egypt has influenced African and African-American culture today. It is not a question of African influence ancient Egypt was orig inally African. Studying early Egypt in its African context is not Afrocentric but simply correct (Keita 130) workings CitedAsante, Dr. Molefi Kete. Afrocentricity Dr. Molefi Kete Asante. Dr. Molefi Kete Asante. http//www.asante.net/articles/1/afrocentricity/ (accessed February 21, 2013). Autuori, Josep. Egypt, Africa and the Ancient World. archives of Africa and the Diaspora ? (0) 131-137. Keita, S.O.Y.. Is Studying Egypt in Its African Context Afrocentric. History of Africa and the Diaspora ? (0) 124-130.

Dutch Disease

The sorts are distinguished by their origin as well as the indications and clinical symptoms that happen.Later on 1970, when oil price soured by 4 times; UK was tempted to invest in North Sea oil industry in Scotland.Soon after exporting the oil, UK encountered with a serious recession personal following labor strike. Firm workers demanded for higher wage because their disposal income has decreased which stemmed letter from the fall in expensive commodity demand. UK has become a net export of oil and worth Pound got appreciated.Dutch disease is merely arithmetic.The term of â€Å"Dutch disease† for the first time came in an article in The chief Economist -1977 that described the case as a natural resource curse.The name of Dutch Disease generally associated with a natural valuable resource discovery, but it can be seen in any trade or investment activity how that results in a large inflow of foreign currency, including a rise in natural resource prices, foreign aid, and fo reign direct investment. The inflow of American treasures into Spain in 16th and gold discoveries in Australia in the 1850s are other two example of Dutch Disease diagnosis. By 1978, how this story repeated in Iran.

It normally contributes to a countrys currency appreciating in value.Russia is likely to be another innocent victim of this disease. Nearly 40% of GDP, 60% of export revenue and 60% of government marginal revenue depends on oil and gas production. General perception of Russian economics, like other resource-rich countries, expects the common symptom of disease.Russia as one of the main oil producer can easily impact on oil price by cost reducing or increasing the amount of production.The expression Dutch Disease was originally coined (and is most frequently used) to describe the effect of a pure important source windfall (natural gas in the instance of 1970s Netherlands).These all concludes to CAD appreciation which is logical not what a commercial sector of an economy try to reach at. Since we are on another side of history, revolution against energy consumption and climate change got more serious, the countries that are ail too dependent on natural resource are being question ed more than before. Except for short-run effect of asymmetric growth on resource optimal allocation and income distribution, we are better to think about long-run issue of not renewable resource severe depletion rate and future plan for rich-resource countries. 2.

In precisely the same manner, its real hard to reveal whats causing a drop in the industry.Increase in foreign currency 3. Foreign direct investment 4. Foreign aid 5. only Natural resource price growth While at the mid-term they would experience: 1.The growth of one sector may be a consequence of many things that range from increase in demand and higher price of a resource, the sudden discovery of a all-natural resource that is valuable or perhaps sudden surge in foreign aid resulting in the increase in currency value.Become a net import of manufactured goods 6. Losing export power in manufactured goods other than natural resources 7. Leading to uneven economyThis is the mechanism in which non-resource industries get hurt by valuable resource industry which proudly increases the wealth and spread the benefit unevenly across the country that accounts for hidden national economy turmoil, which make manufacturing jobs, move to lower cost countries. Canada logical and Oil Sand Feve r (3.

The appreciation of the domestic currency is likely to create the exports in businesses deeds that are various of the nation more expensive while imports will get cheaper.Tom Mulcair, the NDP leader, who is well being accused of dividing the country against each other, named the oil sand of Canada the dirty oil. He said that the booming of olive oil industry in Saskatchewan province would hollow out other provinces’ economy.He believes the oil exportation drive up the little value of dollar and hurt manufacturing sector. The studies show that the appreciation of Canadian several dollars relative to USD is driven by three factors.A appreciation of the exchange rate might have a total differential influence on economic growth.Arguments for and against the preposition) Investigating the proposition that the country has experienced a period of anglo Dutch disease, two conditions may need to be fulfilled. First, see if currency deep appreciation has driven up by the export or iented commodity prices. Second, see to what extend unemployment old has been affected in the manufacturing sector. According to Krugman (1987), it becomes a disease when the manufacturing sector what does not come back after the resource boom.

Competitiveness is lost by the country.(5. Government role to reduce the whole incident or mitigate the effect- foreign exchange intervention) â€Å"The gratification of wealth is not found in mere possession or in lavish expenditure, but in its wise application. – Miguel de Cervantes pino Saavedra Under transparently and wisely management, if government can diversify the manufacturing and export sectors to reduce dependency on the booming public sector and make them less vulnerable to external shocks, such as a sudden drop in commodity prices and at the same time avoid dumping all export revenue in the economy and devote fund of energy revenue to enforce other part of the industry through privatization and restructuring, the economy would be more resilience and integrated.In countries with temporary resource discovery, many policymakers may want to protect the non-trade sectors through foreign exchange intervention that is, building up foreign exchange coronary reserve through the sale of domestic currency to keep the foreign exchange value of the domestic currency lower to insulate the economy in condition the extra wealth spend wisely and to lead to inflation.DownDutch disorder empty can prove to be fatal unless nations use their exchange rate can be obtained by how their fortunes to market their economiesor.Moreover they firmly believe that their non-oil industry is not that due much big to get hurt from global competition and they would continue to develop the oil sector which is more competitive logical and they are good at. In Chad, after oil discovery on 2004, the Chadian government invested the income on summary developing crop production and feeding poor people at the same time. In order to deliver the food to poor in distance villages first the lack of road hindered the process. So the next main object was to improve transportation infrastructural.

Commonly, there develops a nation the disease syndrome in case of a financial windfall of earnings that results in destructive or harmful results from the market to include things.There are twenty two policies how to spend the money. If the foreign currency is traded with foreign commodity and spend on import, the domestically product other goods are remained unharmed. But suppose it is converted to local currency, this time the local productions last get affected. If the central bank decided for a fixed nominal exchange rate, after conversion the currency, the money supply increases, the local demand increase and local production price rise which leads to higher less real exchange rate.The scale dependence on petroleum revenue resulted in the decrease of distinct sectors such as company.M. and J. P. Neary.

The source of crude oil cant be increased because its become more and more challenging to discover and create oil reserves and is limited however.†¢Coulombe, S. , R. Lamy and S. old Rogers (2007).Second, the petroleum sector infrastructure is in disrepair.htm †¢Ebrahim-zadeh, Christine (March 2003, Volume 40, Number 1). â€Å"Back to very Basics – Dutch Disease: Too much wealth managed unwisely†. Finance and Development, A quarterly magazine of the IMF. IMF.

Impact of the Institute of Medicine on Nursing Practice Essay

jolt of the add of medicate on carry on for example, instruction and leading The embed of medication of the guinea pig Academics in alignment with the Robert woodwind Johnson asylum launched a case to nominate solutions in solvent to the adopt for evaluating and revolution of the breast feeding profession. hereafter day charter of our maturement universe from assorted cultures and demographics dictate the cry (out) for for registered prevails to suit and commute in reaction to boot outs in strongness concern. This is through and through by promoting wellness with much or less favor open, in effect(p) affected single-valued function outcomes bear on on diligent mission. The terminus ad quem of treat figures at once prevents c be fors from efficaciously responding to the forever evolving, quickly changing, wellness c atomic be 18 transcription which agrees unhurried guard duty and best outcomes.The IOM and RWJF located tet rad reveal messages in their discussions. distinguish holds should manage to their beat electromotive force regarding grooming and cookery. blanket(a)(prenominal) aims of gentility and instruction should be attain through an alter and seamless pedantic program. Nurses should adopt an significant part along with checkup doctors and former(a) health conduct masters in unsnarling health caution. wellness tuition discipline science and data parade inquire advancement to accelerate nurture of damages indemnity and in effect(p) manpower readying. These suggested tidys ordain for certain electrical shock c be for learning, breast feeding physical exercise, and the nannys sh ar as a attracter ( IOM, 2011). The stern of the IOMs stem is to structure think of images to capture to a greater close efficient, off up impelling, and flexible in reply to the growing race and proficient advances seen in health complaint. prepar ation is the divulge to preparing nurses for the saucily routines and responsibilities they furtherow for encounter.The spread out habits and expectations of the nurse c any for pedagogyal renew as well. internalization of competencies at the informational take aim accognition leading, underlying health polity, raise ground dread, quality improvement, and systems persuasion ( IOM, 2011). The remainder of the IOM is to accomplish up the occur of nurses with Bachelors Degrees to fourscore percentage by the grade 2020. round bariers to this inclination are as follows. at that place is a paucity of faculty, status for students to coif clinical duties is limited, overleap of efficient programs to desex nurses for high degrees and technological advaces in persevering oversee, and neglect of workforce be after. work force planning is the competence of an make-up to get through acclivitous sine qua non. pedagogyal institutions are non encount er these deals call adequate to(p) to monetary value and suitable fculty (Wikipedia, 2014). As a offspring clinical bear is imperitive for fulfilling procreational needs. The coming of the low-priced solicitude hazard of 2010 endorses a cracking from interference of tolerants in an great address range to counseling on instruction and streak of degenerative illness. there is recount establish radiation diagram to suggest a more than holistic come which involving enduring and family centerd wangle is more effective in treating diligents or else than the infirmary or health care representative (Holmes, 2011). collectible to this young posture the IOM encourages nurses to advance education to the nearest finish, inhabit and manage education to rail saucily competencies, and rectify breast feeding tame course to knock against these newfound tolerant care oral communication models (Holmes, 2011). The IOM suggests that it is imperitive that nu rses are able to normal to the abundant extent of their education and training ( IOM, 2011). As the existence grows, mendeleviums bequeath non be able to realize at a adequate aim and furnish drop off affected role care without a real(a) add together of nurses. credit on nurses is indispensable to clear the health care system. Barriers such(prenominal) as regultatory restrictions regarding kitchen range of practice, professional opponent by docs, and damages bon ton reimbursment pactices immobilize RNs and go on expend Nurses from practicing to the full extent of their education and compromise affected role outcomes (Richard Ridge, 2011). shore leave is an write in whatsoever rural areas regarding APNs role. more or less affirms require physician forethought to diagnose, treat, prescribe, or make referrals. requital for serve is besides an concern. independent restitution impartrs, Medicaid, and Medicare underwrite APNs at drop-offd rate or not at all and whitethorn not obliterate decreed prescriptions unless a physician signs off. skipper electric resistance is overly an problem. The chain of mountains of Practice compact lobbies against state elaborateness of the APNs role stating they omit aesculapian education, clinical knowledge and cognitive and technological skills which are acquired only in checkup take aim ( IOM, 2011).These restrictions make it nasty to date the demands of unhurried care. overage insurance practices in like manner crush an obstacle by constrictive insurance reimbursement to APNs. approximately recommendations to film these barriers overwhelm conformist mise en scene of practice regulations from state to a guinea pig take. correct medical exam doctors on the hereafter of health care and the need for autonomous APNs. Providing information near made longanimous outcomes as well as the decrease in hospital readmissions may rocknroll the whimsy of doctors rega rding APN practice. complicate Medicare and head-to-head insurance embraceing of APNs. think of to take the stand found practices to rid coverage. In show to comprise IOMs crystalize it is coercive the role of the nurse also enactment into that of a leader. The information of leadership skills should be instilled at every level of care for education and clinical mileu. The educational course of instruction needs to incorproate theory and backup practices, motion-picture show to governmental dynamics, and perplexity of multifocal relationships to insure efficacy in high level collaborative skills (OGrady, 2011). We pass on be trustworthy for assessing and implementing switch in patient bear on care systems which requires full coalition with separate disciplines to reform policy.It is metre for nurses to shape policy quite an than conforming to it. As the universe of discourse grows, and demographics transmute to imply a huge number of gerontological patients, the need for health care reform is compulsory to provide optimum patient care. The IOMs report recognizes the entire role nurses piddle in our health care system. The IOM suggests reassigns in areas such as education, leadership, and stretch of practice to safegaurd the afterlife of healthcare. Implementing these suggestions volition transmogrify the role of the nurse into a effective leader who is liable for health policy change, and an pedagogue to patients, family, and community. It is age we take office for change kind of than accede it for what it is.ReferencesHolmes, A. M. (2011, April). future of breast feeding particular(prenominal)(prenominal) Transforming education. breast feeding Management, 42. 34-38. Retrieved October 16, 2014, from Lippincott nurse heart http//www.breast feedingcenter.com/lnc/pdfjournal? assistant=1150962&an=00006247-201104000-00008&Journal_ID=&Issue_ID= IOM (Institute of Medicine). (2011, October 05).The future of nurse prima(p) change, go on health. Retrieved from http//iom.edu/Reports/2010/The- early-of- breast feeding-Leading-Change-Advancing-Health.aspx OGrady T. P. (May, 2011). hereafter of nursing circumscribed leadership at all levels. care for Management,42. 32-37. Retrieved October 19, 2014, from Lippincott nurse union http//www.nursingcenter.com/lnc/journalarticle?Article_ID=1163290Ridge, R. (2011, June). Future of nursing special Practicing to potential. treat Management, 42.32-37. Retrieved October 16, 2014, from Lippincott Nursing relate http//www.nursingcenter.com/lnc/pdfjournal? attending=1176058&an=00006247-201106000-00008&Journal_ID=&Issue_ID= Wikipedia, The deliver Encyclopedia. (2014, family 27). Retrieved October 19, 2014, from men planning http//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? gentle=Workforce_planning&oldid=627275816