Collectivism Enforced by the Government

Synthesis Essay Halley Dunlop In the books, Anthem, Fahrenheit 451, Harrison Burgeon, and the movies The Hunger Games, and Wall-E, the government contains all of the people to make them equal. They strictly control the societies and allow no differences. Within all of these sources, there are certain individuals who choose to rebel against their government, but with rebellion comes the need to find yourself first. The pitfalls of the quest for equality are the lack of individuality, inability to be creative, and lack of intelligence.One of the pitfalls is the lack of Individuality. In the book, Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, Montage finds himself following the society because that Is the way that he grew up and he believes he is happy doing it. When Montage meets a girl, Claries, she began to help him come to realize that he was unhappy and that he must become an individual. â€Å"Darkness. He wore his happiness as a mask. (peg. 91†² This quote is important because it is the f irst time that Montage questions the way he is living, and the first time that he thinks about his Individual happiness.Because Claries Is already an Individual, she has to help Montage overcome the governments' ewer of concealing his personality and help him to be himself. Also, in the book, Anthem by Any Rand, the government restricts all possible factors of being an individual. Equality attempts to showcase his invention of electricity to the council members, and they said, â€Å"What is not done collectively cannot be good. (peg. 73)† This quote is significant because it shows how council believes that any kind of individuality Is a crime.The government has drilled the idea of â€Å"we† Into the minds of their whole society to make sure they have no thoughts about themselves as individuals. In addition to the other books, Harrison Burgeon by Evensong, the government overtakes the society and forces them to wear handicaps so no one person is any better or worse than the next. This act of collectivism restricts all individuality. â€Å"She must have been extraordinarily beautiful, because the mask she wore was hideous. And It was easy to see that she was the strongest and most graceful of the dancers, for her handicap bags were as big as those worn by two- hundred-pound men. peg. 169)† This quote Is Important because It puts an image In our mind about how much the government tries to make sure that every man and woman is stripped of their own selves. Individuality is non-existent in this story because the handicaps given to the society do not allow them to have complete thoughts. The government believes that when the people have complete thoughts, they might be thinking about themselves, or how to overthrow them, or how to escape their handicaps. In all of these books, collectivism Is present In the society to make it more difficult for someone to stand out, be different, or cause someone to be jealous.Equality, Harrison, and Montage are the ones who managed to overcome the government to make a statement and ultimately find who they really are and make themselves happy. The next pitfall of the quest for equality is the inability to be creative. When the government takes away the society's individuality In Fahrenheit 451 , their ability to have creative thoughts and actions Is taken away a. â€Å"Stuff your It's more fantastic than any dream made or paid for in factories. † This quote by Montage is basically stating that people should live how they want with no regrets.It goes along with the idea of creativity because your own wonders and dreams are ways of thinking creatively. Since that is not allowed in their society, it is considered a risk, so if they are living life as if they were to die in ten seconds, it would be better to have creativity in that time instead of sitting around and watching TV and being anti- social. In addition to that example, in the book Anthem, when Equality is in the Home of the Infants, he explains how everything was plain and boring. â€Å"The sleeping halls were white and clean and bare of all things, save one-hundred beds. peg. 2)† This quote shows the reader how their society wants the children to grow up; plain and bare of all things. They do not want the wall painted colors, or the children to have toys because then they will start asking questions and that is not a part of their society. Creativity is an individual trait, and the collectivism in that book does not allow individuality. The final example of a society that inhibits creativity is in the movie, The Hunger Games by Gary Ross, based on the book by Suzanne Collins.In the movie, Catkins Evergreen is a very creative girl, which makes her stronger than the there and therefore she is frowned upon by her opponents and the government. At the end of the movie, Catkins and her partner, PETA, are the only contestants left, but only one person can win. She uses her creativity and finds a way o ut of the government's rules and makes sure they don't get their way. Catkins pulls out poisonous berries and they were to either eat them, and have no winner, or Just threaten to eat them, so they could both win.This ties in to the pitfall because in her quest for equality, she found a loophole in the restrictions on creativity, but she will eater be punished for her actions. These examples show how the lack of creativity is a major set-back in a society. The final pitfall in the quest for equality is the lack of intelligence. In Fahrenheit 451, Mildred is a good example of how uneducated someone could be, in a society with collectivism. Mildred is completely under the spell that the government has cast over the society and she constantly is forgetting things.Education and individual intelligence is not a priority in their society; therefore everyone relies on their technology. Maybe you took two pills and then forgot and took two more, and forgot again, and were so dopey you kept right on until you had thirty of forty of them in you. (peg. 17)† This quote shows how Mildred can be senseless to the point where she can't recognize when she is putting her life in danger. This is an issue because in order to find equality, one must have the brains and be able to rely on their own instincts. Also, in Anthem, intelligence is allowed to some people but not to others.Equality wants to be in the Home of the Scholars, but because he is so smart, the nuncio makes him a street sweeper which involves no intelligence at all. â€Å"We would accept of life mandate, and we would work for our brothers, gladly and willingly, and we would erase our sin against them, which they did not know, but we did. (peg. 25)† When Equality says that, he shows that he is accepting the Job that the council has given him, but he is not necessarily happy about it. He wants to expand his intelligence but he can't because the government no longer allows him to do studies.When he said, â€Å"erase our sin against them†, he is talking about the fact that he was society. The last example of how the government causes their society to lack intelligence comes from the movie Wall-E. In the movie, the move all of the people into space because the earth is no longer able to sustain human life. The captain, who is like the government but only for the spaceship, does not give the people on the ship information about earth. They are completely oblivious to the fact that Earth has been destroyed. This ties along to the other books because of how the influence of the government can make people so clueless.Hunger Games, and Wall-E, the collectivism that is enforced by the government intros and brainwashes the society. The three major pitfalls while looking for equivalence and equality are the lack of individuality, inability to be creative, and lack of intelligence. Without individuality, you cannot be creative. When you do not have creativity, you have no way of being truly intelligent. These three pitfalls cause a domino effect because without one, you cannot have the other. This is why the societies in the stories are not functioning the way they should, and is also why people are chose to disobey the government.

Emerson on War Essay

Emerson’s mind is complex because it has resulted from his wide reading of the East and the West. It puts together virtually incompatible ideals in oriental and occidental thought. Like so many topics that his essays cover, his conception of and discourse on War is both very original and influential. He lays bare the evolutionary and changing view of war as it has come down the ages. Whereas ancient Greek and Roman heroes valued war believing it to be an honorable and manly activity, it needs to be seen against the wisdom of the Vedas and of course through Emerson’s eyes to get to the reality of war. Emerson is a powerful thinker because even though most countries have relied heavily on war and will still indulge in it when the need arises, they have become conscious of the animalistic nature if this rather insane activity. Emerson is not blind to the merits of waging war. He does begin his discourse by pointing out that people are educated by war and they become manly by indulging in it. He maintains that some of the most civilized of people have stood by the necessity of war. Yet the page of history shows how war has declined because it has gradually lost its glory; and yet is far from over. For Emerson ideas are more meaningful than circumstances and war is the outcome of the latter. It seems that Emerson’s ideas on war have led so many great minds to cogitate on the topic. Bernard Shaw, Vivekananda and Gandhi are just a few. Wordsworthian and Indian spiritualistic thought seem to come together in Emerson’s mind that refuses to take views for granted. Even Christianity is questioned as it has fostered religious wars. Those who can shun war are morally advanced â€Å"for they have not so much madness left in their brains, you have a nation of lovers, of benefactors, of true, great, and able, men. †

Function/S of Space in Sandra Cisneros’ the House on Mango Street

Function/s of Space in Sandra Cisneros’ The House on Mango Street Space occupies a central role in Sandra Cisneros’ coming-of-age novel The House on Mango Street. Using the example of the house shows this very plainly. This can be seen at the very beginning of the book, namely the title. Although it is a female Bildungsroman, the novel is not named after its protagonist Esperanza Cordero, but her residence. It shows that Cisneros attached much importance to the house on Mango Street and the reader also learns that it is of central significance for the development of the young girl. On Mango Street, she develops not only physically, but also in terms of her character and her own identity. That is why I will concentrate on the function of the house rather than on other different settings in the novel. Usually, the house is a symbol for warmth and shelter. It represents the place of the family and where one belongs to. But the first sentence of the initial vignette shows, that this does not apply to the house on Mango Street. Esperanza’s family has been constantly on the move and they lived in several apartments in different cities. The feeling of being rooted therefore never existed, just as little as the feeling of comfort. For Esperanza, the house on Mango Street does not symbolize shelter, but shame. In the first vignette Esperanza depicts the family’s house in a very negative way, run down and with cramped confines. It is neither â€Å"[†¦] the house Papa talked about when he held a lottery ticket [†¦]†, nor â€Å"[†¦] the house Mama dreamed up in the stories she told us before we went to bed. † (Cisneros 4). The house on Mango Street is at last their own, but not the one Esperanza and her family have longed for. It symbolizes â€Å"[t]he conflict between the promised land and the harsh reality† (Valdes â€Å"Canadian Review† 57). Especially for Esperanza, who is in quest of her own identity, reality and hope (Spanish: esperanza) diverge here, which means that Esperanza has not found her personal reality yet. She wishes to have â€Å"[a] real house. One I could point to. † (Cisneros 5). This desire shows that the house also symbolizes the â€Å"American Dream† of having a comfortable home of one’s own, something the people of Esperanza’s community will probably never attain. Esperanza experiences that instead, they are often confronted with the fact that the house also functions as a symbol of female restriction. This proves the given traditional role of a Chicana, whose business concentrates on the household and on being wife and mother. In the novel, female restriction is also depicted in a more extreme way: Several women like Marin and Rafaela are restricted physically because they are locked indoors by their husbands. Esperanza clearly comes out against such a male-dominated home. Although she is not sure who she is and still searches for her own identity, she clearly knows what she wants: a house all on her own, â€Å"Not a man’s house. Not a daddy’s. A house all my own. † (Cisneros 108). According to that, having her own house stands for her longing for a self-determined space as an independent woman, in which she can be free to be herself, unconfined by either a husband or a father and without any social expectations. There is something, Esperanza didn’t realize yet: the fact â€Å"[†¦] that the house she seeks is, in reality, her person. (Valdes â€Å"Canadian Review† 58). Thus, the house functions as a metaphor for Esperanza’s identity formation. Apart from its importance for self-identification, the image of the house functions as a synecdoche: it is part of the community, a place of one’s own amidst the whole community and barrio. By interacting with the community, meaning communication and observat ion, Esperanza learns that she can only define herself through her relationship to the other people of her community. She orientates herself by some positive role models like Aunt Lupe or Minerva, but she also distances herself from Sally or the â€Å"women sitting by the window† like her great-grandmother or Mamacita. Nevertheless, Esperanza learns through their experience. This shows Esperanza’s ability to distinguish between the different role models. She recognizes that she does not want to be a copy of somebody and this is why she sees others just as partial role models. The social interaction with the community actually is of utter importance for Esperanza’s identity formation. The fact that she defines herself through people she lives with shows the close interaction between community and Individual. The house stands for the community because it is part of it and thus functions as a synecdoche: pars pro toto – the term â€Å"community† is replaced by a narrower one, thus the â€Å"house†. This also works vice versa, totum pro parte means here that the house is used to represent the community. For Esperanza, the relationship between individual and community is a mutual one. She recognizes that there is a lot she learned and experienced while living in the house on Mango Street and in the ommunity. At the end of the novel, both what the three sisters and Alicia say to her â€Å"[†¦] induce Esperanza to acknowledge her indebtedness to the community and her role as mediator and negotiator between worlds. † (Rukwied 63). So she decides to give something back, to help others with her experience. In the vignette â€Å"Bums in the Attic† she states: One day I’ll own my own house, but I won’t forget who I am or where I came from. Passing bums will ask, Can I come in? I’ll offer them the attic, ask them to stay, because I know how it is to be without a house. Cisneros 87) Esperanza shows great sympathy for other people who are, by some means or other, lost like she was when wondering who she is. She describes this state with the word â€Å"homeless† (Cisneros 87). Having no home means having no house or apartment. And as I argued before, the house is the central metaphor for self-identification. In the end, Esperanza finally finds her voice by beginning with writing. She now has a clear vision of how her promised house should be: â€Å"Only a house quiet as snow, a space for myself to go, clean as paper before the poem. (Cisneros 108). This is another way of contributing something to the community: she writes about it. As I argued, the house is of central importance in The Ho use on Mango Street. Esperenza first refuses to accept that she belongs to Mango Street and thus to the whole community. But in the end she recognizes that it was there her identity fully developed because our environment always shapes our identity. I focused on the function of the house, but there are further reasons for the importance of space in general. In my opinion, one of them is â€Å"highly visible† indeed: The fact that Sandra Cisneros left a lot of space on the pages of the novel. In chapter 7 for example, there is both recto and verso in a large part unprinted. Works Cited List: Cisneros, Sandra. The House on Mango Street. New York: Vintage Books, 1991. McCracken, Ellen. â€Å"The House on Mango Street: Community-oriented Introspection and the Demystification of Patriarchal Violence. † In: Horno-Delgado, Asuncion et al (eds). Breaking Boundaries: Latina Writing and Critical Readings. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1989. 7-71. Rukwied, Annette L. The search for identity in two Chicana novels : Sandra Cisneros' The house on Mango Street & Ana Castillo's the mixquiahuala letters. Stuttgart: Universitat, Magisterarbeit, 1998. Valdes, Maria Elena de: â€Å"In Search of Identity in Cisneros’s The House on Mango Street†, Canadian Review of American Studies, Vol. 23, No. 1, Fall 1992. 55-69. Valdes, Maria Elena de. â€Å"The Critical Reception of Sandra Cisneros's The House on Mango Street. † Gender, Self, and Society. Ed. Renate von Bardeleben. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 1993. 287-300. (7. 01. 2008) (7. 01. 2008)

Women,crime and criminal justice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Women,crime and criminal justice - Assignment Example Moreover, prisons are the culmination of several oppressions, including, class, ethnicity, indigenous status, and race. There is considerable discrimination against women in prisons, and this chiefly stems from their lesser proportion in the prison population. The security levels in prisons are grossly disproportionate to the lower seriousness of offending, which characterizes women offenders. Another disquieting feature of prisons, vis-Ã  -vis females is their tendency to isolate women to a much greater extent than men. This arises due to the smaller number of incarcerated females, which leads to the presence of fewer prisons in a specific geographical area. As such, women prisoners are subjected to greater social stigma than their male counterparts (Barberet, 2014, p. 163). In addition, prisons pathologize and infantilize females, thereby subjecting them to greater oppression. Hence, women should not be imprisoned for the less serious crimes. In addition, the close similarity in the conditions of women in prison, across the world, has made it possible to formulate international norms and guidelines for prisoners. Several of the international guidelines have suffered setbacks, due to cultural relativity or the imposition of Western standards. Prison standards have not been affected to the same extent by these influences (Barberet, 2014, p. 163). A major cause for this relative insularity is the fact that prisons are predominantly a Western institution that have been imposed via colonialism. As a consequence, the issues created for women in prisons tend to be quite similar across the world. This is despite the disparities in the manner of operation of prisons, the categories of females who are incarcerated, the crimes that these females have been charged with or sentenced for, the resources provided to female prisoners in the prisons, and the problems envisaged by these females

Business, law, and ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business, law, and ethics - Essay Example The first challenge that was experienced by the Company occurred when the Chief Executive Officer, Bernie Ebbers employed Sullivan who was later promoted to the post of a Chief Financial Officer. Sullivan apparently did not possess proper inter-personal skills and his appointment created irritations among the divisional managers. This was also confirmed by the occurrence of conflicting ideas between Sullivan and Sidgmore. The failure of the Company was later propagated by the series of law suits that were experienced when some of the customers complained for fraud and over-charging of the services offered by the Company. The Company had to pay fine in order to compensate these customers hence undergoing massive reduction of profits. Moreover, was blocked on its bid to acquire the shares of Sprint in the year 2000; this was blocked by the regulatory authorities (Justice Department) hence leading to a fall of the share price of the Company. Many people speculated that the World Com Company was at a brink of failing and soon could start selling its shares. Huge amounts of loans were also given to Bernie Ebbers that amounted to 341 million USD; an audit by an external Company also indicated that Ebbers had used some large amount of the Company’s money to perform his personal activities hence exposing the Company to a financial crisis. To begin with, it is evident that the World Com Company did not undertake frequent financial audit hence giving the accountants ample time to conduct fraud and embezzlement of funds; this should have been the first step undertaken to promote transparency in finance department. Auditing would have led to the determination of such problems at an early age hence leading to formulation of effective solutions. Additionally, it is apparent that the top management team, specifically, the Chief Executive

Child Care Aboriginal Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Child Care Aboriginal Australia - Essay Example "Assimilation" refers to the attempts of white Australian government to intermesh Aboriginal and white culture, often with the purpose of eventually eradicating Aboriginal culture. Under the 1940's assimilation policy, many Aborigines were removed from their own territory and forced to settle n new areas. Indeed, many Aborigines intertwined with whites. Sally Morgan's autobiographical novel, My Place, serves as an example of this mixed generation. "Dispossession" occurred when the White Australian government forced many Aborigines away from their original home. As a result, land which had originally been deemed sacred became the possession of white Australia. These occurrences of "dispossession" were particularly hard for Aborigines, who tied their beliefs and religion with particular geographic areas. This strong Aboriginal emphasis of land can be seen particularly in Aboriginal paintings and other forms of artwork. "Personal racism" refers to the subconscious idea that exists among some white Australians that Aboriginal identity is less valuable than white identity. This racism occurs on a personal level because white Australians believed that the darkness of someone's skin reflect their Aboriginal identity. ... The belief emphasized that it was up to Aborigines to gain land rights and reclaim their native lands. This period marked a great period of social progress for Aborigines and would eventually result in reclaiming many lost lands. "Invasion" occurred when English natives began to establish posts and reservations in Australia. In an Aboriginal perspective, the "invasion" of whites into Aboriginal culture resulted in the destruction of traditional Aboriginal society and the dispossession of most Aboriginal settlements. "Land rights" refer to the battle Aborigines face in reclaiming their own land. Within the past century, Aboriginals have won various land claims which provided back certain territories. Beginning with the Aboriginal Land Act of 1976, Aborigines have begun to reclaim their native lands. This phrase also represents the clash in thought between Aborigines and white Australians over who owns certain areas. Although white Australians physically own certain native Aboriginal lands, Aborigines claim that their religious and cultural beliefs entitle them to possession of sacred Aboriginal territory. Although the white Australian government attempted to mix Aboriginals with white society, "segregation" was still practiced in Australia and separated Aboriginal people from whites. On a basic level, Aboriginals were given certain areas to live apart from whites. "Segregation" was also practiced within society and many people who contained even one Aboriginal ancestor were segregated against as being less than people of entirely white heritage. "Terra nullius", a Latin phrase meaning "empty land", refers to a 17th century legal concept that allowed

The influence of senior management involvement on the effectiveness of Essay

The influence of senior management involvement on the effectiveness of management training in selected Saudi Arabia (KSA) SMEs - Essay Example pany programs in order to ensure a higher level of success for the organization as a whole, as well as develop the attitudes and behaviours of the staff members (Alliger et al., 1997). However, previous researchers have only focused on the process of achieving organizational success, without emphasizing on the participation levels of the employees, let alone the participation and involvement of the senior management. This study is of significance because first and foremost, the labour force in Saudi Arabia is comprised of 55 percent of small and medium enterprises (or SMEs). What is even more significant is that for such companies, the involvement of senior managers in development activities and programs is more as compared to larger companies and companies in the public sector. However, due to the company’s size, organizational structures and developmental programs are not as formal as they should be, hence the need for senior management intervention (Storrey, 2004). This stu dy has shown that there are a number of benefits to be achieved from a higher level of involvement of senior managers in training programs. According to Mazzorol (2003), when employees observe the active participation of their managers, they are more empowered and motivated to be open to change. At the same time, the managers themselves are also able to have the opportunity to communicate more with their subordinates and gain feedback which would be beneficial for the company’s overall development. Isaac et al. (2001) further states that by being involved, senior managers have the chance to encourage and motivate their employees to improve their attitudes and behaviours with regards to work and accomplishing tasks. One problem with training programs is that there is a risk that the trainees will not learn anything. When this happens, the company would have wasted its finances, time and effort in order to implement such programs. Thus, by being actively involved in these progr ams, managers

Identify any internal control weakness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Identify any internal control weakness - Essay Example allowing the currently approved credit customers to continue their credit orders until they stop patronizing the company, allowing bankrupt/delinquent customers to future credit purchases. The internal control should include ageing of accounts receivable as basis for preventing delinquent/bankrupt customers from future credit purchases (Rittenberg, 2011). Third, the company uses external shipping entity creating a higher risk of sending the wrong item types or wrong number of items shipped. The company should send an employee to the external shipping company to inspect and ensure the right item types and quantities are shipped to the customers (Rittenberg, 2011). Fourth, taking orders through the internet (chat orders) or through phone calls increases the risks of errors or frauds. The customers may deny they called up or chatted through the internet with the company to order the items received by the customers. The better internal control is to use the signed order document from the customers as basis for shipping the customers’ ordered items (Rittenberg,

American Constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American Constitution - Essay Example d government of the United Sates operated, until the founding fathers called for the Federal Convention, during which the initial work that had produced the 13 Articles of Confederation, which were incorporated into the Constitution, representing the Declaration of Independence. There is no other country that, since its birth, has been guided by the same document that was created at the time of the country’s birth. Fourth, we know that the Constitution is vague enough in its guarantees as to be flexible and applicable with changing times, to the present modernity often referred to as the New Age. Thus, the United States Constitution is a living document; a finely crafted living document. It is not the product of happenstance or chaos, but is the product of collaborative philosophies that guided the American forefathers in framing the document so that it would continue to live, and would survive the test of time. It was only after five years of debate and discussion that, in 1781, the Articles of Confederation were ratified (Jenson, M., 1950, p. 3). These 13 Articles serve as the Preamble of the American Constitution. What this period of time shows, is that the debate about the ensuing Constitution were serious and time consuming debate. The original 13 Articles of Confederation, while they were enough to prevent the country from sliding into chaos; were not sufficient in content or wide enough in breadth that they covered ever facet of government with which the founding fathers knew that the new government, and subsequent governments, would need to govern with. So, when we consider the element of time, it is indicative, by the amount of time that it was before the 13 Articles of Confederation were ratified that is the first indication that the American Constitution is a finely crafted document. The second indication that the American Constitution was well thought out, is that for the eight year period following the ratification of the Articles of

Critical Analysis Essay Essay Example for Free

Critical Analysis Essay Essay The media throughout the world has been in the frontline in educating members of the public on important social issues ranging from politics, drugs, terrorism, and popular music to sports. The best of all is the fight against AIDS. AIDS is one of the diseases which is threatening the existence of humanity and therefore more initiatives are being developed to fight it. In addition to videos, movies, plays and advertisements in sports’ and entertainment channels, songs have been composed by some artistes to try and spread the message to among other people, the youth who are of high risk of contracting the disease. These songs are played in the AM and FM radio stations throughout the world (Emad, 2006). This paper will discuss the representation of AIDS in songs which are played in our radio stations. It will also analyze its representations through advertisement on various entertainment and sporting channels such as MTV and VH1. It will finally analyze the importance the songs and advertisement channels have on the eradicating the disease. Songs about AIDS Social marketers have been trying to have more people get informed on the basic of HIV/AIDS. See more: how to write a critical analysis outline Some of the countries have encouraged the use of such channels as MTV to spread the fight against the disease and where they have been successful, the prevalence rates have been low. In the recent past, more musicians have been dieing of AIDS and that is why some of their colleagues are trying to come up with songs to not only make their partners aware but also educate the public on the crisis. In the U. S, an organization- The Estate Project- which was launched some years back as an Aids awareness initiative is now getting popularly with it programs. The main mission of this organization, just like other radio stations is to compile the musical works of artistes who have died of the disease and inform the public. It also aims to preserve the cultural legacy of the crisis (Emad, 2006). In the U. S for example, many artistes have composed songs to promote programs intended to fight the scourge. Examples of these songs are; ‘HIV blues’ by Kerry Stevens from the album ‘out in the country’ and ‘positive’ by Spears Jay from the album ‘family values’. These and other songs contain messages on how to keep safe from the disease or remain health if you are infected. These songs especially those by well known artistes in the U. S and Europe can be very attractive to the youth. Likewise, the Federal government has also developed policies which require that all organizations including the media houses and musicians help it fight the pandemic. Some songs have specifically been composed to pass messages on the use of condoms. The condoms are considered one of the strategies that help in preventing people from having unsafe sex. The songs when played in the radio stationed will help pass information to the young people who may not have access to the information elsewhere. ‘Sauti ya America’ is one of the radio stations broadcasting from the U. S to many of the African countries and it uses its superiority and quality of transmission to educate the Africans on the seriousness of the crisis and it also tries to provide suggestions on how the youth can stay health. Many of the young people in the world today and especially those in third world countries don’t have the accurate and correct information about AIDS. In rural areas where the information on the diseases is limited, more youth are engaging in unprotected sex. Research has suggested that the youth can easily receive information on the disease through advertisements Advertisements Entertainment channels such as MTV has noticed that there is information deficiency in the society. Through its music shows featuring the best artistes not only in America but also in Europe, the entertainment channels aim at passing important social issues to its fans. The programs are then broadcasted to countries in Africa and Europe. These programs are needed to develop the penchant for advocacy in the music industry with an objective of political and social motivation. The entertainment channels help the organizations fighting against AIDS to build some sort of cohesion between the facts about the disease and the myths that people believe concerning AIDS (Johnson, 2005). The whole process of representation in songs started in the late 1980s when AIDS in the U. S became a pandemic and the federal government decided to bring the issue of HIV/AIDS to a situation where people must decide and publicly accept the reality about the disease. The songs and the advertisements stations had a role to play and the role at that point in time did not have sufficient knowledge to combat the spread of the disease. VHI for example allocates more of its resources such as time and money to educative materials and talk shows. It uses its extensive radio frequencies to reach and educate most of its fans on the facts about AIDS. VH1 has through its programs such as the ‘legend’ and ‘celeb’ shows, promoted the â€Å"kick out† campaign. The campaign had been founded by the Rogers family to help U. S citizens change their lifestyles and accept the fact that people should abandon form sex still they are married. This program and others including its international channels in more than twenty countries are able to reach a wider population hence are in a position to convince and attract listeners. The amount of space and airtime which is being devoted to the fight against HIV/AIDS has increased in the recent past mainly because of the global concerns which are being addressed by our world leaders including the U. S president who has devoted most of the federal funds to fighting the scourge in third world countries. Today, more often than not, you can see that the radio stations are covering the issue with a certain perspective not just for the matter of reporting. More and more radio stations are analyzing the issue for a positive point of view compared to the past when they only reported statistics (Johnson, 2005). FM and AM stations are now looking at issues such as preventing child-mother transmission, treatment, testing, orphans and vulnerable members of the society etc. These are the real issues that affect the society; not just mentioning which of the artists is riding high in music, what did politicians say about the spread of AIDS in Texas, who pronounced what and such sort of things. Conclusion Entertainment channels such as MTV and VH1have the main players in the fight against the spread of HIV/AIDS. The main aim of using such entertainment and music stations is to reach a majority of the youth who are mostly attracted to the music and programs in these stations. Songs on its part has a role to play especially if they contain the messages which encourage people to protect themselves from the disease. The management of such institutions should therefore promote the culture of teaching members of the public on the dangers of contracting HIV/AIDS through their daily programs. References Emad, R. (2006): Role of journalists: Journalists Speak at 18th Annual National, Managed Health Care Congress, UK Johnson, A. (2005): Fighting AIDS through the Media. New York Press, New York

Uber Business Model Analysis and CSR

Uber Business Model Analysis and CSR Part 1 Founded in 2009, Uber is a web-based transportation network company headquartered in San, Francisco, California. It offers a taxi-replacement technology platform that connects driver-partners with riders via a location-based app and operates in over 60 countries around the world. As the first ride-sharing business, it has become the term used when describing the service. South Africa is a challenging market to enter because of economic divide, national pride, and high crime. Ubers core competencies are its brand name and reputation from being a first-mover and a corporate culture created from effective talent management that drives entrepreneurship and innovation. This has allowed the young company to effectively organize drivers and vehicles it does not own. By being the first web-based transportation network, Uber has a competitive advantage over similar companies as a first-mover. As a first-mover, Uber has been able to understand its business model, customer problems, and the fast pace of technology. This has given them the ability to be both proactive and reactive to solving issues in a rapidly changing environment. Uber had a three-year head start in the market and took full advantage of it. Its first-mover advantage is firm-specific and used maintain its competitive edge to prevent fast followers from catching up. It has a bold history and used a beg for forgiveness rather than an ask for permission strategy to enter the market. The taxi industry is highly fragmented, deeply regulated and mostly stationary in terms of innovation. It realized consumer frustration with the status-quo taxi industry and solved the problem by building a disruptive business model to execute an aggressive strategy and apply innovation to provide immediate relief to the chaotic situation. Professors Henrich Greve of INSEAD and Marc-David Seidel of the University of British Columbia studied the role of how being a first-mover played in overall success. The two professors realized that first-movers typically had an advantage over rivals, even with an inferior product or service, because they learned from mistakes and became better over time (Greve Seidel, 2014). Only eight years old, Uber is a young company, but has already become a well-recognized brand. Its brand name has become a verb, synonymous with the online ride-sharing service. Ubers name recognition as a first-mover produces loyalty among current customers and attracts new customers to its service even before other firms have entered the market. As a first-mover, Uber benefits from economies of scale and a vast network of established stakeholders and resources (drivers, customers, employees, technology, capital, etc.), which allows it to increase efficiency and decrease cost s. Its first-mover advantage allowed the company to learn rapidly and obtain large amounts of data to create customer-driven marketing strategies, labor specialization and industry cooperation. Because of a longer learning curve, it can create customer value, drive down prices and implement more cost-efficient techniques into its business model. Uber is a cut-throat corporation with a large war chest. Founded in 2009, it is now worth around $70 billion and is the worlds most valuable startup company (The Economist, 2016). Its capital, gained from being a first-mover, allows the company to expand faster and take risks its competitors cant afford to. Uber established itself as tech firm and not a transport company, which allowed it to expand globally and bypass taxicab regulations. If it is not able to enter a specific market because of extensive regulations it implements capital-intensive battle strategy. Uber has been able to spend billions on aggressively fighting and disrupting ta xi industries around the world. It also has spent large amounts of money to boost innovation, diversify its business, and lock in strategic relationships with governments and other businesses. Its first-mover advantage has also been able to attract and retain the top talent shaped that has been able to shape its corporate culture. In business, culture is important because it attracts talented and skilled individuals, increases employee productivity and operational efficiency, and improves quality and reputation. Ubers culture is a core capability and firm-specific because it uses a highly paid, extremely motivated and specialized workforce who keep the companys mission at heart. The company created a customer-centric and data-driven culture that promotes creativity and encourages passion. Its culture is based around value creation and uncovering This culture was created from its differentiating brand identity, which allowed it to capture and preserve a dynamic group of top talent. Its first-mover advantage, cool image and unique brand identity has created a staff of intrapreneurial millennials by attracting and retaining a workforce of intelligent young talent from all over the world to create its dynamic and innovative-driven. Most of Ubers employees are between the ages of 25 and 35. It is also one of the fe w companies in Silicon Valley that hires large amounts of employees with PHDs. Its business model is driven by its culture and has earned it a reputation of providing an enhanced user experience, translating to higher customer satisfaction and increased revenue. Its corporate culture has led to great innovation and Ubers pioneering technology with its verified drivers and cars, its dual-rating system that improves customer satisfaction and user confidence, and has allowed Uber to deliver a premium level of reliable service at an affordable rate. Its intelligent and aggressive culture created the atmosphere to bypass high barriers of entry into the taxi industry. To promote itself, the ride-sharing technology company creates strategic partnerships and uses great advertising and marketing campaigns to promote itself, which has resulted in the companys high visibility and customer awareness. and an unlimited fleet of partners and vehicles has made it a global player in the market. Uber used its strong transferable international brand to enter and disrupt the South African taxi industry. The company implemented its brand and leveraged its current business model into the country by adding programs to address the issues it would face. Ubers brand had the chance of suffering from location disadvantages in South Africa because of high crime and unemployment rates, but Uber was able to address these key issues early on, before they had the chance to hurt its intimable brand name and reputation. It improved safety features concerning its service. In South Africa, all drivers had to be verified and an annual follow-up was required to protect users. In South Africa, public transportation was slow and inconvenient. It low cost attracts mostly poorer citizens. There are safety concerns with the taxi services in the country because of high crime and taxi turf war. This issue is increased because taxi drivers only accept cash payments. Ubers main coemption will be against Zebra Cabs, a South African metered cab service South Africa is a technological country where most citizens are technology-savvy. Uber used its disruptive technologies to enter the country by adapting and offering technology that catered to local needs. Uber uses great technology to bring riders and driver partners together. Africa has a huge potential market for Uber and South Africa is the most economically developed country on the African continent Part 2 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), With the rise of technology, the world and the business environment has become more globalized and transparent. Multinational Corporations (MNC) compete in a global arena. In the realm of rapidly moving business environments and an increased rate of globalization, the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become more significant and apparent. The society of the world has put substantial pressure on these global firms to make them responsible for activities and actions. CSR can be simply summarized as doing the right thing. It is concerned with how the activities of firms have an impact of the fundamental, economic, and social impact on society. Still a relatively young subject, CSR Kim Kercher examined History, Research and Writings on CSR The concept of corporate social responsibility is a relatively young subject matter, mainly a product of the 20th century, especially the last 70 years. Its roots can be traced back centuries further, but formal writing on the subject has been a product of recent times. Archie B. Carroll traced the evolution of modern CSR back to 1950s (Carroll, 1999). Before the 1950s, CSR was referred to simply as social responsibility (SR), possibly because these periods preceded the era of corporate influence and dominance. The contemporary idea of CSR was established by Howard R. Bowen, known as the Father of CSR because of his early and influential work. In his landmark book Social Responsibilities of the Businessman, Bowen believed that the worlds largest businesses were vital centers of power and decision making and the activities of these specific firms affected the lives and aspects of many (Morrison Bridwell, 2011). In his 1953 publication, Bowen argued that corporate responsibility encom passes more than following the law and reaches beyond a legal scope. Bowens social responsibility doctrine explained the responsibilities businesses owners had and how they must protect humanity from the harmful side effects of certain business activities by implementing policies and rigorously following them. The 1960s were significant in the history of corporate social responsibility. The depth of CSR began to expand in the 1960s as one of its first and most influential writers, Keith Davis (1960), defined social responsibility as businessmens decisions and actions taken for reasons at least partially beyond the firms direct economic or technical interest and that being socially responsible would pay the company back in the long run, through an increase of economic gain. In his piece, the Iron Law of Responsibility, Davis observed that businessmen were more worried about profit and immediate economic interests than they were about other important subjects. He broadened the thought s of Bowens Social Responsibilities of the Businessman by stating that social responsibilities of businessmen need to commensurate with their social power. Davis argued social responsibility should consider the environment and other issues regarding public welfare issues and that the power of corporations must continuously be checked by social responsibility. The term CSR was first used in the 1970s and became widespread due to globalization. Core Characteristics and Benefits According to Sen and Korschun, CSR is driven by stakeholder relations, social obligations and marketing (Sen Korschun, 2006). Every firm is responsible and held accountable to its stakeholders. In spite of many efforts to create a clear and impartial definition of CSR, there is still no universally correct definition for the concept. While the fundamental features of CSR are visible in the practice and remain the core characteristics of the concept, hardly any definition includes them all. Aminu Ahmadu Hamidu, Harashid Md Haron, Azlan Amran (2015) state that corporate social responsibility has six characteristics: Voluntary, Internalizing or Managing Externalities, Multiple Stakeholder Orientation, Alignment of Social and Economic Responsibilities, Practices and Values, and Beyond Philanthropy. Strategic CSR Corporate social responsibility has become a standard business practice in the business environment, even more so for multinational corporations. CSR has been implemented into global branding and is the core of many business strategies in order to promote long term growth. Jevons and Polonsky (2009) believe that todays multinational corporations must view CSR from a strategic view within the global arena. With an advance of technology and faster communication channels, consumers are more aware on world and business events. Studies have shown that the ethical conduct of firms has a great influence on the purchasing decisions of consumers. In an investigation by Environics International, more than twenty percent of consumers stated their purchases were companies based solely on how they perceived the business (Mohanty, 2008). With increased interest from customers and other stakeholders (employees, suppliers, investors, communities, and activist groups), there is a growing demand for g reater disclosure. Because of this, organizations and the individuals within them must consider its complexity and explore it to better understand how it is related to branding strategies. Because these multinational firms operate in several business environments, they must be able to relate each set of responsibilities at numerous points, encompassing a variety of company activities (Valor, 2007). Strategic CSR is used to help firms achieve a positive impact on society while maximizing the shared value for all the organizations stakeholders. The notion of share value creation derived from Professor Michael Porters theory of competitive advantage (Porter, 2011). This theory suggests that firms need a structuralist view to create a strategic share value for competitive thinking. By implementing this strategy, firms are able to defend themselves against competitors. Firms use strategic CSR in the daily operations of the firm and is central to the activities of the firm value creation system.ÂÂ   Werther and Chandler (2005) examined several multinational companies and found out that global brands are often central to competitive strategy and work by guaranteeing consumers are provided the best in quality, consistency, and security. By delivering customers guarantees, these brands can reduce costs while increasing profits. Studies have discovered the positive effect of CSR practices on profitability and other performance measures (Goyal et. al, 2013). The publics expectation of firms is that they will function in humanitys best interests. With the rise of technology and social media, the importance of CSR is intensified. David Woods studied the correlation of revenue and CSR and found out that CSR is not only ethical, but profitable, especially in regards to long term gains (Woods, 2011). Woods wrote that studies have shown that organisations that had a genuine commitment to CSR substantially outperformed those that did not, with an average return on assets 1 9 times higher. Kellie McElhaney (2007) believes that CSR is more of a strategy than a concept. McElhaney does not believe that CSR is a remedy to the problems that affect the planet, its inhabitants and the global business environment, but a practicable and essential element of overall business strategy. McEkhaney believes to be more effective, strategic CSR needs to be aligned with the core business objectives and core competencies of the organization. Matthews (1982) believes that corporations are not monolithic entities, but organizations administered and controlled by individuals and attached in the societies in which they operate. Because of this aspect, CSR must reflect the human element of firms and contribute to their communities and overall society. Impact of Globalization on CSR Professor Roland Robertson defines globalization as the compression of the world and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole (Robertson, 1992). Consumers are no longer restricted to their smaller-scaled home markets and now have access to a vast international market. Globalization, especially for multinational corporation, brings more opportunities and benefits, but also creates ethical issues and other problems when dealing in foreign countries. CSR covers a wide range of interests and the rapid rate of globalization has led certain corporations and developing countries to become significant players in the world economy. However, developing countries with emerging economies have critically encountered an abundant amount of issues (religious, governmental, social, cultural, environmental, etc.) Rhys Jenkins (2005) studied the effects of globalization on CSR and its influence on society. Jenkins notes that the present movement and concentration of global CSR today dates back to the early 1990s. This movement led to the international rise of CSR, global deregulation, the creation of development agencies, increased foreign investment, and the reduction of poverty, but played a major part in the shrinking role of national governments. With globalization and corporate responsibility intertwined in an increasingly competitive market, the influence and responsibility of business firms is increased while the control of governmental bodies is reduced. Historically, national governments depended on regulatory measures to bring societal and ecofriendly purposes to the business sector. Verma (2015) claims that dwindling government resources, combined with a suspicion of regulations created a search for voluntary and non-regulatory initiatives which reduced the power of governments. Scherer and Palazzo (2011) assert that it is crucial to shift towards a larger, politically-centric concept of CSR, especially in a globalized world. Because of globalizatio n, the authority of national governments is getting weaker when it comes to regulating the activities of global firms. Governments around the world are in a constant battle (and race to implosion) with other countries in order to win the competition. Corporations must practice morally and promote ethical decision making standards in order to avoid political conflict and the societal consequences. Global firms are not only responsible of their in-house activities, but also for the activities of their suppliers and partners. Due to an exploitation of child labor from its suppliers, Nike faced a global consumer boycott and had to make extensive enhancements in the working environments of its various supplier plants (Brause, Locke and Qin, 2007). While some activities and practices may reduce costs and legal in some parts of the world, partaking in these unethical business practices may be considered immoral and damage the publics perception of the company. The Future of CSR Bowen, H.R., 2013. Social responsibilities of the businessman, Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. Hamidu, A.A., Haron, H.M. Amran, A., 2015. Corporate Social Responsibility: A Review on Definitions, Core Characteristics and Theoretical Perspectives. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(4). Jenkins, R., 2005. Globalization, Corporate Social Responsibility and poverty. International Affairs, 81(3), pp.525-540. Locke, R.M., Qin, F. and Brause, A., 2007. Does monitoring improve labor standards? Lessons from Nike. ILR Review, 61(1), pp.3-31. MacMillan, D. Demos, T., 2015. Uber Valued at More Than $50 Billion. The Wall Street Journal. Available at: https://www.wsj.com/articles/uber-valued-at-more-than-50-billion-1438367457 [Accessed February 21, 2017]. Matthews, J.B., 1982. Can a corporation have a conscience?, Boston: Graduate School of Business, Harvard University. McElhaney, K., 2007. Strategic CSR. Sustainable Enterprise Quarterly, 4(1), pp.1-7. Morrison, E. and Bridwell, L., 2011, January. Consumer Social Responsibility-The True Corporate Social Responsibility. In Competition Forum (Vol. 9, No. 1, p. 144). American Society for Competitiveness. Mohanty, R.P., 2008. Quality management practices, New Delhi: Excel Books. Polonsky, M. and Jevons, C., 2009. Global branding and strategic CSR: an overview of three types of complexity. International Marketing Review, 26(3), pp.327-347. Porter, Michael E. Competitive advantage of nations: creating and sustaining superior performance. Simon and Schuster, 2011. Robertson, R., 2011. Globalization: social theory and global culture, London: Sage. Scherer, A.G. and Palazzo, G., 2011. The new political role of business in a globalized world: A review of a new perspective on CSR and its implications for the firm, governance, and democracy. Journal of management studies, 48(4), pp.899-931. Seidel, H.R. Marc-David, G.L., 2014. Being Early Beats Being Better. Harvard Business Review. Available at: https://hbr.org/2014/06/being-early-beats-being-better [Accessed February 23, 2017]. Sen, S. Korschun, B., 2006. The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in Strengthening Multiple Stakeholder Relationships: A Field Experiment. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 34(2), pp.158-166. The Economist, 2016. Uberworld. The Economist. Available at: http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21706258-worlds-most-valuable-startup-leading-race-transform-future [Accessed February 21, 2017]. Valor, C., 2007. A global strategic plan for corporate philanthropy. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 12(3), pp.280-297. Verma, L., 2015. Impact of Corporate Social Responsibilities in Modern Business Environment. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, p.580.

Joy Williams The Killing Game :: essays research papers

â€Å"The Killing Game†, by Joy Williams In the story, â€Å"The Killing Game†, Joy Williams, uses several diffenent types of writing skills to presuade the reader to see her views. The quote â€Å"To kill be to put to death, extinguish, nullify, cancel, destroy.† be a good strong introduction, it catches the readers attention. Word choice like this be what gets the message across to the readers in a fast, easy way. Another good quote for word choice she uses be, â€Å"We kill to hunt, and not the other way around.† That shows that she be serious in what she be saying. She means to make the idea stick in readers minds. She be trying to get the point across, and make it stick, by using words like that. A final quote on word choice be, â€Å"Hunters make wildlife dead, dead, dead...† This be a good choice because it reflects on what be really going on, and what be happening. It happens in such a way, that be allows readers to stop and think about the subject. A good example she uses for imagry be the quote â€Å"Instead of monitoring animals—many animals in managed areas are tagged, tattooed, and wear radio transmitters—wildlife managers should start hanging telementry gear around hunters’ necks to study thier attitudes and listen to thier converstions.† That paints a vivid image of what be really going on with the animals. It gets the message across using a form of humor, which lets readers relax, and think about it subject. When she be talking about the hunter that shoots the racoons feet off, and lets his dogs get them, that paints an image of just how bad hunting could is. That be a good quote to use isacuse it will be rememisred. The gets a point of bad justice toward animals across to readers. Another good quote she used for imagry was, â€Å"The big pheasent folded in a classic fashion.† That paints an image of a mean person just likeing the way his kill dies. That gets an idea of how hunting can be just a waste of time, animals, and the worst of all, life. She uses sentence structure along with what kind of mood she’s in. The long sentences are when she be getting mad, or trying to make a serious point. The shorter, choppier sentences are when she be ising the most sarcastic.

Marketing Strategy for the Mars Ice Cream Bar Essay -- Business Manage

Marketing Strategy for the Mars Ice Cream Bar My Aims for this Report In this report I will be focusing my attention on Mars Ice Cream Bar. I will investigate how they promote their product. I will do this by investigating how they advertise their product, and where, as well as looking at how they package their product and at the same time I will look at where they sell the Mars ice cream bar. Also I will be investigating their main rivals and compare their marketing mix’s. This will give me a better chance of giving good suggestions on how they could improve their ice cream product to bring in a larger revenue and get away from their main rivals so they could dominate the ice cream bar market. Background to Mars Mars claims to be the world leader in every market that it is in. This in includes branded snack foods, petcare products, main meal foods and vending machines. ‘ Mars has an annual turnover in excess of US $13 billion. Our products are consumed in over 100 countries around the world.’ In Europe alone  £20 billion is spent every year on Mars confectioneries,  £4 billion of this is from Britain. Of that  £4 billion, around 70% of it is on chocolate goods. They are considered the world’s best managed companies. They easily dominate the chocolate bar market as they own the likes of ‘Snickers’ ‘Mars’ ‘Maltesers’ ‘M&M’s’ and ‘Twix’. But do they dominate the ice cream bar market? Mars ice cream bar. The Mars ice cream bar was first brought o...

Thurgood Marshall Essay examples -- Papers Civil Rights Biography Essa

Thurgood Marshall During the 20th century I have read many books, newspaper articles and seen news broadcasts on two of the most famous Afro American Pioneers: Martin Luther King and Thurgood Marshall. Martin Luther King fought all his life for equal rights for Afro Americans, but Thurgood Marshall help elevate the Afro American civil rights struggles through legal precedents and timely court decisions. Thomas G. Kraftenmaker a professor of Constitutional law at Georgetown University Law Center wrote, "When I think of great American lawyers I think of Thurgood Marshall, Abe Lincoln and Daniel Webster". In this century only Earl Warren approaches Marshall. Thurgood Marshall is certainly the most important lawyer of the 20th century. Thurgood Marshall is the only black leader in American History who can argue that he defeated segregation where it really counts in court. Thurgood Marshall devised a legal strategy based on The United States Constitution; he forced rights to be extended equally to even the poorest and most disadvantaged citizens. Thurgood Marshall was born on July 2, 1908 in Baltimore Maryland. Thurgood Marshall many life accomplishments were instill upon him through his parents Norma Arica Marshall and William Canfield Marshall. Thurgood's mother Norma Arica Marshall was one of the first Afro Americans to graduate from Columbia University. Thurgood's father William Canfield Marshall was the first black person to serve on Baltimore's grand jury in the 20th century. Thurgood Marshall was a premed dental scholar at Lincoln University in Oxford Pennsylvania. As a junior, Thurgood met and eventually married his first wife Vivian Buster Burey, after graduation Thurgood went to the prominent Howard Law School i... ... at the age of 84 dies from a massive heart attack. Thurgood Marshall name can be mention in the same tone as Martin Luther King, both made big changes in the racial segregation culture and they did it without using violence. Today our society still isn't perfect, we still have to deal with crime and unemployment, but least Today Afro Americans have the right to vote, attend any school or college of their choice, and eat anywhere in a restaurant. Thurgood Marshall (Mr. Civil Rights) we appreciate what you have accomplished. RESOURCES Juan Williams Marshall's Law 7 Jan 1990*http://www.thurgoodmarshall.com.home.htm Ken Love Thurgood Marshall 9 Feb 1997*http://members.aol.com/klove01/marshall.htm Thurgood Marshall (1908-1993) New York Times 26 Jan 1993 http://www.ai.iit.edu/~/isbell/hth/blavck/events_and people/html/001.thurgood_marshall.html

Lease Versus Purchase Essay

When operating a successful business, it is important to consider operating costs and expenses related to producing or being able to provide a certain good or service. In some cases, it is more beneficial for a business to lease equipment needed for production or manufacturing and in other instances it is financially favorable to purchase equipment. This paper will compare the factors involved in deciding whether to purchase or lease equipment. Types of Leases The term â€Å"lease† is essentially the same as the term â€Å"rent†, as both have identical meanings. There are two different types of leases, an operating lease and a financial lease. Both types provide the use of an asset, but with some very different rules. An operating lease is typically used for equipment or vehicles and can be cancelled by the lessee with proper notice. The timeframe of the lease is usually less than the expected life of the item, and will sometimes include a maintenance contract built in. The lessor hopes to either sell the asset or release it at the end of the initial lease. A financial lease, aka a capital lease, cannot be terminated early. Financial leases also do not include maintenance contracts, and are usually set for the life expectancy of the item. The purpose for the lessor is to gain their initial investment plus a return on the asset, and is thus like debt financing. Lease vs. Purchase If a company wants to obtain the usage of an asset such as cash, plant or equipment, without the obligation of purchasing the item, then a lease is the best option. Leases can be classified as short term or long-term debt just depending on the amount of time contracted. The key considerations a  company must consider when trying to decided whether to purchase or lease an asset is the net present value of purchasing versus leasing. The factors that affect the value are depreciation, taxes, length of lease payments, life span of asset, and any residual or salvage value of the asset. Leases are accounted for on a company’s balance sheet as long as one of the following occurs; the lease transfers ownership at the expiration, the lessee may buy the asset below its value at the expiration, length of lease is more then 75 percent of the expected life span, or the present lease payments exceeds 90 percent of the fair market value of the property (Mayo, 2012). Financial leases though, must be capitalized where as operating leases may not have to be placed on the balance sheet, but should be noted in the footnotes. Even though financial leasing may sound similar to debt financing of an asset, keep in mind that the lessor will obtain any residual value of the asset, whereas if purchased, the salvage value would remain with the purchaser. Leasing offers higher tax deductions, but potentially understates a companies assets. Purchasing usually requires a higher initial cash outlay (Newman, 2006), but may offer higher assets and better return on investment in the long run. Determining which option of leasing or buying is better will ultimately depend on the time value of money (Mayo, 2012). Application of Time Value/Money Concepts in Evaluating Lease vs. Purchase Decisions When deciding on whether on whether to lease or purchase assets for your company, there are a few different factors to consider. One of those important factors is the time value of money. According to â€Å"Financial Dictionary† the time value of money can be defined as â€Å"the idea that a dollar today is worth more than a dollar in the future, because the dollar received today can earn interest up until the time the future dollar is received† (2015). To determine which option, leasing or purchasing, would be financially beneficial for the business, the present value of each should be calculated. The present value formula will give you the cash flows associated with leasing or purchasing the asset (Mayo, 2012). To calculate the present value of a single sum of money one would divide the Future Value (FV) by (1 + i)n where i is the interest rate per compounding period and n are the number of compounding periods (â€Å"Present Value Of A Single Sum Of Money†, 2013). Conclusion There are many factors and applications to consider when making the decision between leasing and purchasing. Factors such as the assets life expectancy, company’s tax bracket, and payment schedule are just a few to be considered when determining which option is best for a company. Understanding the time value of money, is just one of the few considerations a company must review so that its financial officers can make educated business decisions. References Financial Dictionary. (2015). Retrieved from http://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com Mayo, H. B. (2012). Basic finance: An introduction to financial institutions, investments, and management (10th ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western. Newman, P. (2006). Leasing vs Buying: Which is Best for You?. Retrieved from http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/169332 Present Value of a Single Sum of Money. (2013). Retrieved from http://accountingexplained.com/misc/tvm/pv-single-sum

Part of Your World Essay

The song Part of Your World is from the movie The Little Mermaid and is sung by the main character, Ariel. This song embodies the ultimate goal of Ariel throughout the whole movie, which is to be a part of the world above the sea, land. As the song states, Ariel wishes to be â€Å"where the people are†. The title of this song comes straight from the lyrics themselves, in the chorus. In the song Ariel is singing to her friend, Flounder. She is trying to convey to him why she thinks the world on land is better than under the sea. She says â€Å"Flippin’ your fins, you don’t get too far, Legs are required for jumping, dancing,† this shows us some of what she would be able to do if she had legs instead of fins. She desires to be a human, not a mermaid. Another idea is that this song has a deeper meaning other than being a part of this world above the sea. As much as she is trying to convince Flounder of the beauties of the land, the metaphor of the song is showing us that to follow your dreams can be exciting. There are many other things to experience other than what is right in front of us. In this song there are many end rhymes; one specific example is this line â€Å"Isn’t it neat? Wouldn’t you think my collections complete? † Neat and complete is an example of rhyming. Rhyming happens when there is a repetition of the concluding sounds. Neat and complete both sound like eat. End rhymes occur when the rhyming syllable is at the end of the line in the poem. This is a perfect example of end rhyme. Another poetic sound device in Part of Your World is repetition, which is found throughout this song. For example â€Å"Up where they walk, up where they run, Up where they stay all day in the sun,† the term â€Å"up where they† is repeated several times. Repetition is also found in this line â€Å"I wanna be where the people are, I wanna see, wanna see them dancin’,† I wanna is used throughout creating a beautiful poetic sound. This song makes great use of alliteration. Alliterations happen when a beginning consonant is repeated like in this example â€Å"Flippin’ your fins, you don’t get too far. The repetitive use of the letter f creates a fun and exciting poetic sound device. Rhyming, specifically end rhyming, repetitions, and alliterations are three important poetic devices that are found in this song. These help the song flow along smoothly and make the song more interesting for the listener. Previously I mentioned the use of a metaphor. Metaphor is an example of a figure of speech or figurative device. Another example of this is a hyp erbole. Hyperbole is used in this song to better emphasize just how much Ariel would like to be a part of this new world she describes. â€Å"Bet’cha on land they understand, Bet they don’t reprimand their daughters† is a hyperbole; hyperbole is an over-exaggeration used to better emphasize a point. Metaphor and hyperbole are two figurative devices used in this song. Alan Menken and Howard Ashman, the writers of Part of Your World, use these various poetic and figurative devices beautifully in order to give you a better idea of Ariel’s desires and life goals. Jodi Benson does a beautiful job, as well, of conveying Ariel’s longing to visit this land above. One might believe the goal of this song truly is to allow the listener to look more broadly at his or her own life and decide if all needs are met. The figurative language in this song, hyperbole and metaphor, greater emphasize her goals and the poetic devices used make the song more enticing to the ear. This song gives the listener a hope for a greater future.

A Closer Look on Sir Gawain

For Literature lovers, Sir Gawain is best known as the nephew of King Arthur. He is the son of King Arthur’s sister Morgaus and King Lot. He is a Knight of the Round Table. His brothers are Agravain, Gaheris, Gareth and Mordred. He is loyal to his king and to his family. He is a magnificent warrior but has a temper. He is also a ladies’ man. There are some works where his strength depends on the sun. Some stories claim that he is really strong during the afternoon when the sun shines at its best and is weak at night because the sun sets.There are two sides of Sir Gawain when it comes to his duties as a knight and as a family man. He balances both roles well. For example, he is loyal to King Arthur and obeys his commands. However, when Guinevere was slated to be burned at the stake and Sir Gawain was asked by King Arthur to stand post, the Knight nobly said no to the command. His respect for women outweighed his loyalty to his liege. There was also a time when his loyalt y to his friend Lancelot was outweighed by his loyalty to his family.This was when his brothers (except for Mordred) were killed during the battle between Lancelot and King Arthur. But when Mordred overturned the kingdom of Camelot and Sir Gawain was breathing his last, he sought forgiveness from Lancelot and asked him to defeat Mordred in his stead. Sir Gawain is popular in a number of literary works all over Europe. He is often seen as the model of chivalry. Most protagonists are compared and contrasted to him. A lot of French romances portray Gawain in different ways. Sometimes he is the hero.There are other times, he is the loyal wingman of the hero. He is also popularly known as the knight who searched for the Grail. Here, he is seen at his best light. His intentions are pure. It is reminiscent to him stopping his brothers Agravain and Mordred in plotting the downfall of Lancelot and Guinevere by revealing their love affair. During the Post-Vulgate Cycle, Gawain was portrayed a s a murderer. He was no longer the hero but the villain. This generic evil canceled out his records as the noble knight when literature about him is discussed.Therefore, to the eyes of Literature lovers, Gawain is an honorable champion but has flaws. For the Literature in Britain and Scotland, Gawain is a respectable and admired hero. He is also the main man when it comes to romantic stories and lyrical poems. His reputation is not tarnished because French Literature refuse to show Sir Gawain in a negative light. As a matter of fact, in Middle English Literature, he is the central character in a great work â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. † In â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight†, he is an excellent knight but has human traits.He also has flaws. He may be witty, virtuous and respectful of women but there are times that he is also subdued to jealousy. In the end, his love for women frees his wife Dame Ragnelle from her curse of ugliness. The depiction of Sir Gaw ain in glowing lights continued toward the Vulgate and the Post-Vulgate Cycle. The problem is that there were other literatures that stained his reputation, particular the negative characteristics that were attributed to him by Thomas Malory’s â€Å"The Death of Arthur. †Literary scholars compare and contrast the sides of Sir Gawain in every literature he appeared in. Perhaps what makes Sir Gawain genuine is that readers have an idea of his shortcomings but see that he is eager to make up for them (as mentioned in the earlier paragraphs of this essay. ) Therefore, we balance the whole anatomy of Sir Gawain. Just like us, Sir Gawain can be a gentleman and a brute. He can be loyal to his family and friends but turn his back on them the minute his ethics and beliefs are attacked. In the end, it’s all about weighing the pros and the cons of the knight.

The Laws of Cyberspace – Lawrence Lessig

The Laws of Cyberspace Lawrence Lessig †  Draft 3  ©Lessig 1998: This essay was presented at the Taiwan Net ’98 conference, in Taipei, March, 1998. †  Jack N. and Lillian R. Berkman Professor for Entrepreneurial Legal Stud- ies, Harvard Law School. Thanks to Tim Wu for extremely helpful comments on an earlier draft. Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 Before the revolution, the Tsar in Russia had a system of internal passports. The people hated this system. These passports marked the estate from which you came, and this marking determined the places you could go, with whom you could associate, what you could be.The passports were badges that granted access, or barred access. They controlled what in the Russian state Russians could come to know. The Bolsheviks promised to change all this. They promised to abolish the internal passports. And soon upon their rise to power, they did just that. Russians were again free to travel where they wished. Where they could go was not determined by some document that they were required to carry with them. The abolition of the internal passport symbolized freedom for the Russian people — a democratization of citizenship in Russia. This freedom, however, was not to last.A decade and a half later, faced with the prospect of starving peasants flooding the cities looking for food, Stalin brought back the system of internal passports. Peasants were again tied to their rural land (a restriction that remained throughout the 1970s). Russians were once again restricted by what their passport permitted. Once again, to gain access to Russia, Russians had to show something about who they were. *** Behavior in the real world — this world, the world in which I am now speaking — is regulated by four sorts of constraints. Law is just one of those four constraints.Law regulates by sanctions imposed ex post — fail to pay your taxes, and you are likely to go to jail; steal my car, an d you are also likely to go to jail. Law is the prominent of regulators. But it is just one of four. Social norms are a second. They also regulate. Social norms — understandings or expectations about how I ought to behave, enforced not through some centralized norm enforcer, but rather through the understandings and expectations of just about everyone within a particular community — direct and constrain my behavior in a far wider array of contexts than any law.Norms say what clothes I will wear — a suit, not a dress; they tell you to sit quietly, and politely, for at least 40 minutes while I speak; they or- 2 Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 ganize how we will interact after this talk is over. Norms guide behavior; in this sense, they function as a second regulatory constraint. The market is a third constraint. It regulates by price. The market limits the amount that I can spend on clothes; or the amount I can make from public speeches; it say s I can command less for my writing than Madonna, or less from my singing than Pavarotti.Through the device of price, the market sets my opportunities, and through this range of opportunities, it regulates. And finally, there is the constraint of what some might call nature, but which I want to call â€Å"architecture. † This is the constraint of the world as I find it, even if this world as I find it is a world that others have made. That I cannot see through that wall is a constraint on my ability to know what is happening on the other side of the room. That there is no access-ramp to a library constrains the access of one bound to a wheelchair.These constraints, in the sense I mean here, regulate. To understand a regulation then we must understand the sum of these four constraints operating together. Any one alone cannot represent the effect of the four together. *** This is the age of the cyber-libertarian. It is a time when a certain hype about cyberspace has caught on. The hype goes like this: Cyberspace is unavoidable, and yet cyberspace is unregulable. No nation can live without it, yet no nation will be able to control behavior in it. Cyberspace is that place where individuals are, inherently, free from the control of real space sovereigns.It is, in the words of James Boyle, the great techno-â€Å"gotcha† — nations of the world, you can’t live with out it, but nations of the world, when you’ve got it, you won’t live long with it. My aim today is a different view about cyberspace. My aim is to attack this hype. For in my view, the world we are entering is not a world of perpetual freedom; or more precisely, the world we are entering is not a world where freedom is assured. Cyberspace has the potential to be the most fully, and extensively, regulated space that we have ever known — anywhere, at any time in our history.It has the potential to be the antithesis of a space of freedom. And unless we understan d this potential, unless we see how this might be, we are likely to sleep through this transition from freedom into 3 Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 control. For that, in my view, is the transition we are seeing just now. Now I want to make this argument by using the two introductions that I began with today — the story about Bolshevik Russia, and the idea about regulation. For they together will suggest where cyberspace is going, and more importantly, just how we can expect cyberspace to get there.First the idea: Just as in real space, behavior in cyberspace is regulated by four sorts of constraints. Law is just one of those constraints. For the hype notwithstanding, there is law just now in cyberspace — copyright law, or defamation law, or sexual harassment law, all of which constrain behavior in cyberspace in the same way that they constrain behavior in real space. There are also, perhaps quite surprisingly, norms in cyberspace — rules th at govern behavior, and expose individuals to sanction from others.They too function in cyberspace as norms function in real space, threatening punishments ex post by a community. And so too with the market. The market constrains in cyberspace, just as in real space. Change the price of access, the constraints on access differ. Change the structure of pricing access, and the regulation of marginal access shifts dramatically as well. But for our purposes, the most significant of these four constraints on behavior in cyberspace is the analog to what I called architecture in real space: This I will call code.By code, I simply mean the software and hardware that constitutes cyberspace as it is—the set of protocols, the set of rules, implemented, or codified, in the software of cyberspace itself, that determine how people interact, or exist, in this space. This code, like architecture in real space, sets the terms upon which I enter, or exist in cyberspace. It, like architecture, is not optional. I don’t choose whether to obey the structures that it establishes — hackers might choose, but hackers are special. For the rest of us, life in cyberspace is subject to the code, just as life in real space is subject to the architectures of real space.The substance of the constraints of code in cyberspace vary. But how they are experienced does not vary. In some places, one must enter a password before one gains access; in other places, one can enter whether identified or not. In some places, the transactions that one engages produce traces that link the transactions 4 Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 back to the individual; in other places, this link is achieved only if the individual chooses. In some places, one can select to speak a language that only the recipient can hear (through encryption); in other places, encryption is not an option.The differences are constituted by the code of these different places. The code or software o r architecture or protocols of these spaces set these features; they are features selected by code writers; they constrain some behavior by making other behavior possible. And in this sense, they, like architecture in real space, regulate behavior in cyberspace. Code and market and norms and law together regulate in cyberspace then as architecture and market and norms and law regulate in real space. And my claim is that as with real space regulation, we should consider how these four constraints operate together.An example — a contrast between a regulation in real space, and the same regulation in cyberspace — will make the point more clearly. Think about the concern in my country (some might call it obsession) with the regulation of indecency on the net. This concern took off in the United State early in 1995. Its source was an extraordinary rise in ordinary users of the net, and therefore a rise in use by kids, and an even more extraordinary rise in the availability of what many call â€Å"porn† on the net. An extremely controversial (and fundamentally flawed) study published in the Georgetown University Law Review reported the net awash in porn.Time and Newsweek both ran cover stories articles about its availability. And senators and congressmen were bombarded with demands to do something to regulate â€Å"cybersmut. † No doubt the fury at the time was great. But one might ask, why this fury was so great about porn in cyberspace. Certainly, more porn exists in real space than in cyberspace. So why the fury about access to porn in a place to which most kids don’t have access? To understand the why, think for a second about the same problem as it exists in real space. What regulates the distribution of porn in real space?First: In America, laws in real space regulate the distribution of porn to kids— laws requiring sellers of porn to check the age of 5 Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 buyers, or law s requiring that sellers locate in a section of the city likely to be far from kids. But laws are not the most significant of the constraints on the distribution of porn to kids. More important than laws are norms. Norms constrain adults not to sell porn to kids. Even among porn distributors this restriction is relatively effective. And not just social norms.The market too, for porn costs money, and as kids have no money. But the most important real space constraint is what I’ve called architecture. For all of these other regulations in real space depend on this constraint of architecture. Laws and norms and market can discriminate against kinds in real space, since it is hard in real space to hide that you are a kid. Of course, a kid can don a mustache, and put on stilts, and try to enter a porn shop to buy porn. But for the most part, disguises will fail. For the most part, it will be too hard to hide that he is a kid.Thus, for the most part, constraints based on being a ki d are constraints that can be effective. Cyberspace is different. For even if we assume that the same laws apply to cyberspace as to real space, and even if we assume that the constraints of norms and the market carried over as well, even so, there remains a critical difference between the two spaces. For while in real space it is hard to hide that you are a kid, in cyberspace, hiding who you are, or more precisely, hiding features about who you are is the simplest thing in the world. The default in cyberspace is anonymity.And because it is so easy to hide who one is, it is practically impossible for the laws, and norms, to apply in cyberspace. For for these laws to apply, one has to know that it is a kid one is dealing with. But the architecture of the space simply doesn’t provide this information. Now the important point is to see the difference, and to identify its source. The difference is a difference in what I want to call the regulability of cyberspace — the abi lity of governments to regulate behavior there. As it is just now, cyberspace is a less regulable space than real space. There is less that government can do.The source of this difference in regulability is a difference in the architecture of the space — a difference in the code that constitutes cyberspace as it is. Its architecture, my claim is, renders it essentially unregulable. 6 Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 Or so it did in 1995, and in 1996, when the U. S. Congress eventually got around to passing its attempt to deal with this problem—the Communications Decency Act. I’m going to talk a bit about what happened to that statute, but I first want to mark this period, and set it off from where we are today.It was the architecture of cyberspace in 1995, and 1996 that made it essentially unregulable. Let’s call that architecture Net 95 — as in 1995 — and here are its features: So long as one had access to Net95, one coul d roam without identifying who one was. Net95 was Bolshevik Russia. One’s identity, or features, were invisible to the net then, so one could enter, and explore, without credentials—without an internal passport. Access was open and universal, not conditioned upon credentials. It was, in a narrow sense of the term, an extraordinary democratic moment. Users were fundamentally equal.Essentially free. It was against this background — against the background of the net as it was — Net95 — that the Supreme Court then considered the Communications Decency Act. Two lower courts had struck the statute as a violation of the right to freedom of speech. And as millions watched as the court considered arguments on the case — watched in cyberspace, as the arguments were reported, and debated, and critiqued. And in June, last year, the Court affirmed the decision of the lower courts, holding the statute unconstitutional. Just why it was unconstitutional isn ’t so important for our purposes here.What is important is the rhetoric that lead the court to its conclusion. For the decision hung crucially on claims about the architecture of the net as it was — on the architecture, that is, of Net95. Given that architecture, the court concluded, any regulation that attempted to zone kids from porn would be a regulation that was too burdensome on speakers and listeners. As the net was, regulation would be too burdensome. But what was significant was that the court spoke as if this architecture of the net as it was — Net 95 — was the only architecture that the net could have.It spoke as if it had discovered the nature of the net, and was therefore deciding the nature of any possible regulation of the net. 7 Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 But the problem with all this, of course, is that the net has no nature. There is no single architecture that is essential to the net’s design. Net95 is a s et of features, or protocols, that constituted the net at one period of time. But nothing requires that these features, or protocols, always constitute the net as it always will be.And indeed, nothing in what we’ve seen in the last 2 years should lead us to think that it will. An example may make the point more simply. Before I was a professor at Harvard, I taught at the University of Chicago. If one wanted to gain access to the net at the university of Chicago, one simply connected one’s machine to jacks located throughout the university. Any machine could be connected to those jacks, and once connected, any machine would then have full access to the internet. Access was anonymous, and complete, and free. The reason for this freedom was a decision by the administration.For the Provost of the University of Chicago is Geof Stone, a former dean of the University of Chicago Law School, and a prominent free speech scholar. When the University was designing its net, the tec hnicians asked the provost whether anonymous communication should be permitted. The provost, citing a principle that the rules regulating speech at the university would be as protective of free speech as the first amendment, said yes: One would have the right to communicate at the university anonymously, because the first amendment to the constitution would guarantee the same right vis-a-vis the government.From that policy decision flowed the architectural design of the University of Chicago’s net. At Harvard, the rules are different. One cannot connect one’s machine to the net at Harvard unless one’s machine is registered — licensed, approved, verified. Only members of the university community can register their machine. Once registered, all interactions with the network are potentially monitored, and identified to a particular machine. Indeed, anonymous speech on this net is not permitted — against the rule. Access can be controlled based on who someone is; and interaction can be traced, based on what someone did.The reason for this design is also due to the decision of an administrator — though this time an administrator less focused on the protections of the first amendment. Controlling access is the ideal at Harvard; facilitating access was the ideal at Chicago; tech- 8 Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 nologies that make control possible were therefore chosen at Harvard; technologies that facilitate access chosen at Chicago. Now this difference between the two networks is quite common today. The network at the University of Chicago is the architecture of the internet in 1995.It is, again, Net95. But the architecture at Harvard is not an internet architecture. It is rather an intranet architecture. The difference is simply this — that within an intranet, identity is sufficiently established such that access can be controlled, and usage monitored. The underlying protocols are still TCP/IP à ¢â‚¬â€ meaning the fundamental or underlying protocols of the internet. But layered on top of this fundamental protocol is a set of protocols facilitating control. The Harvard network is the internet plus, where the plus mean the power to control.These two architectures reflect two philosophies about access. They reflect two sets of principles, or values, about how speech should be controlled. They parallel, I want to argue, the difference between political regimes of freedom, and political regimes of control. They track the difference in ideology between West and East Germany; between the United States and the former Soviet Republic; between the Republic of China, and Mainland China. They stand for a difference between control and freedom — and they manifest this difference through the architecture or design of code.These architectures enable political values. They are in this sense political. Now I don’t offer this example to criticize Harvard. Harvard is a private institution; it is free, in a free society, to allocate its resources however it wishes. My point instead is simply to get you to see how architectures are many, and therefore how the choice of one is political. And how, at the level of a nation, architecture is inherently political. In the world of cyberspace, the selection of an architecture is as important as the choice of a constitution.For in a fundamental sense, the code of cyberspace is its constitution. It sets the terms upon which people get access; it sets the rules; it controls their behavior. In this sense, it is its own sovereignty. An alternative sovereignty, competing with real space sovereigns, in the regulation of behavior by real space citizens. But the United States Supreme Court treated the question of architecture as if the architecture of this space were given. It spoke as if there were only one design for cyberspace — the design it had. 9 Lessig: The Laws of CyberspaceDraft: April 3, 1998 In this, the S upreme Court is not alone. For in my view, the single greatest error of theorists of cyberspace — of pundits, and especially lawyers thinking about regulation in this space — is this error of the Supreme Court. It is the error of naturalism as applied to cyberspace. It is the error of thinking that the architecture as we have it is an architecture that we will always have; that the space will guarantee us liberty, or freedom; that it will of necessity disable governments that want control. This view is profoundly mistaken.Profoundly mistaken because while we celebrate the â€Å"inherent† freedom of the net, the architecture of the net is changing from under us. The architecture is shifting from an architecture of freedom to an architecture of control. It is shifting already without government’s intervention, though government is quickly coming to see just how it might intervene to speed it. And where government is now intervening, it is intervening in a w ay designed to change this very same architecture — to change it into an architecture of control, to make it, as I’ve said, more regulable.While pundits promise perpetual freedom built into the very architecture of the net itself, technicians and politicians are working together to change that architecture, to move it away from this architecture of freedom. As theorists of this space, we must come to understand this change. We must recognize the political consequences of this change. And we must take responsibility for these consequences. For the trajectory of the change is unmistakable, and the fruit of this trajectory, poison. As constitutionalists, we must then confront a fundamentally constitutional uestion: if there is a choice between architectures of control and architectures of freedom, then how do we decide these constitutional questions? If architectures are many, then does the constitution itself guide us in the selection of such architectures? In my view, c onstitutional values do implicate the architecture of this space. In my view, constitutional values should guide us in our design of this space. And in my view, constitutional values should limit the types of regulability that this architecture permits. But my view is absent in thinking about government’s role in cyberspace.Indeed, my nation — for many years the symbol of freedom in world where such freedom was rare — has become a leader in pushing the architecture of the internet from an archi- 10 Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 tecture of freedom to an architecture of control. From an architecture, that is, that embraced the traditions of freedom expressed in our constitutional past, to an architecture that is fundamentally anathema to those traditions. But how? How can the government make these changes? How could the government effect this control? Many can’t see how government could effect this control.So in the few minutes remaini ng in my talk today, I want show you how. I want to sketch for you a path from where we are to where I fear we are going. I want you to see how these changes are possible and how government can help make them permanent. Return then with me to the idea that began this essay — the point about the different modalities of constraint — and notice something important about that idea that we have not so far remarked. I said at the start that we should think of law as just one of four modalities of constraint; that we should think of it as just one part of the structure of constraint that might be said to regulate.One might take that to be an argument about law’s insignificance. If so many forces other than law regulate, this might suggest that law itself can do relatively little. But notice what should be obvious. In the model I have described law is regulating by direct regulation — regulating an individual through the threat of punishment. But law regulates in other ways as well. It regulates, that is, indirectly as well as directly. And it regulates indirectly when it regulates these other modalities of constraint, so that they regulate differently.It can, that is, regulate norms, so norms regulate differently; it can regulate the market, so that the market regulates differently; and it can regulate architecture, so that architecture regulates differently. In each case, the government can coopt the other structures, so that they constrain to the government’s end. The same indirection is possible in cyberspace. But here, I suggest, the indirection will be even more significant. For here the government can not only regulate indirectly to advance a particular substantive end of the government. More significantly, the government can regulate to change the very regulability of the space.The government, that is, can regulate the architectures of cyberspace, so that behavior in cyberspace becomes more regulable — 11 Lessig: The L aws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 indeed, to an architecture potentially more regulable than anything we have known in the history of modern government. Two examples will make the point — one an example of the government regulating to a particular substantive end, and the second, following from the first, an example of the government regulating to increase regulability. The first is the regulation of encryption.The government’s concern with encryption has been with the technology’s use in protecting privacy — its ability to hide the content of communications from the eyes of an eavesdropping third party, whether that third party is the government, or a nosy neighbor. For much of the history of the technology, the American government has heavily regulated the technology; for a time it threatened to ban its use; it has consistently banned its export (as if only Americans understand higher order mathematics); and for a period it hoped to flood the marke t with a standard encryption technology that would leave a backdoor open for the government to enter.The most recent proposals are the most significant. Last November, the FBI proposed a law that would require manufacturers to assure that any encryption system have built within it either a key recovery ability, or an equivalent back door, so that government agents could, if they need, get access to the content of such communications. This is government’s regulation of code, indirectly to regulate behavior. It is indirect regulation in the sense that I described before, and from a constitutional perspective — it is brilliant.Not brilliant because its ends are good; brilliant because the American constitution, at least, offers very little control over government regulation like this. The American constitution offers little protections against the government’s regulation of business; and given the interests of business, such regulations are likely to be effective. My second example follows from the first. For a second use of encryption is identification — as well as hiding what someone says, encryption, through digital certificates, can be used to authenticate who some it.With the ability to authenticate who someone is, the government could tell where someone comes from, or how old they are. And with this ability — through certifying IDs — passports on the information superhighway — governments could far more easily regulate behavior on this highway. 12 Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 It would recreate the power to control behavior — recreate the power to regulate. Note what both regulations would achieve. Since the US is the largest market for internet products, no product could hope to succeed unless it were successful in the United States.Thus standards successfully imposed in the US becomes standards for the world. And these standards in particular would first facilitate regulation, a nd second, assure that communications on the internet could be broken into by any government that followed the procedures outlined in the bill. But the standards that those government would have to meet are not the standards of the US constitution. They are whatever standard local government happen to have — whether that government be the government of Mainland China, or Switzerland.The effect is that the United States government would be exporting an architecture that facilitates control, and control not just by other democratic governments, but by any government, however repressive. And by this, the US would move itself from a symbol of freedom, to a peddler of control. Having won the cold war, we would be pushing the techniques of our cold war enemies. *** How should we respond? How should you — as sovereigns independent of the influence of any foreign government — and we, as liberal constitutionalists respond?How should we respond to moves by a dominant poli tical and economic power to influence the architecture of the dominant architecture of regulation by code — the internet? Sovereigns must come to see this: That the code of cyberspace is itself a kind of sovereign. It is a competing sovereign. The code is itself a force that imposes its own rules on people who are there, but the people who are there are also the people who are here — citizens of the Republic of China, citizens of France, citizens of every nation in the world. The code regulates them, yet they are by right subject to the regulation of local sovereigns.The code thus competes with the regulatory power of local sovereigns. It competes with the political choices made by local sovereigns. And in this competition, as the net becomes a dominant place for business and social life, it will displace the regulations of local sovereigns. You as sovereigns were afraid of the competing influence of na- 13 Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 tions. Yet a new nation is now wired into your telephones, and its influence over your citizens is growing. You, as sovereigns, will come to recognize this competition. And you should come to recognize and question the special ole that the United States is playing in this competition. By virtue of the distribution of resources controlling the architecture of the net, the United States has a unique power over influencing the development of that architecture. It is as the law of nature were being written, with the United States at the authors side. This power creates an important responsibility for the United States — and you must assure that it exercises its power responsibly. The problem for constitutionalists — those concerned to preserve social and political liberties in this new space — is more difficult.For return to the story that began this talk — the world of internal passports. One way to understand the story I’ve told today about cyberspace is in li ne with this story about the Tsar’s Russia. The birth of the net was the revolution itself; life under Net95 was life in Bolshevik Russia (the good parts at least, where internal passports were eliminated); the Net as it is becoming is Stalin’s Russia, where internal passports will again be required. Now there’s a cheat to that story — a rhetorical cheat that tends to obscure an important fact about real space life.For we all live in the world of internal passports. In the United States, in many places, one cannot live without a car; one can’t drive a car without a license; a license is an internal passport: It says who you are, where you come from, how old you are, whether you’ve recently been convicted of a crime; it links your identity to a database that will reveal whether you’ve been arrested (whether convicted or not) or whether any warrants for your arrest in any jurisdiction in the nation are outstanding. The license is the in ternal passport of the modern American state.And no doubt its ability to control or identify is far better than the Tsar’s Russia. But in the United States — at least for those who don’t appear to be immigrants, or a disfavored minority — the burden of these passports is slight. The will to regulate, to monitor, to track, is not strong enough in the United States to support any systematic effort to use these passports to control behavior. And the will is not strong enough because the cost of such control is so great. There are not checkpoints at each corner; one isn’t required to register 14Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 when moving through a city; one can walk relatively anonymously around most of the time. Technologies of control are possible, but in the main far too costly. And this costliness is, in large part, the source of great freedom. It is inefficiency in real space technologies of control that yield real space libert y. But what if the cost of control drops dramatically. What if an architecture emerges that permits constant monitoring; an architecture that facilitates the constant tracking of behavior and movement.What if an architecture emerged that would costlessly collect data about individuals, about their behavior, about who they wanted to become. And what if the architecture could do that invisibly, without interfering with an individuals daily life at all? This architecture is the world that the net is becoming. This is the picture of control it is growing into. As in real space, we will have passports in cyberspace. As in real space, these passports can be used to track our behavior. But in cyberspace, unlike realspace, this monitoring, this tracking, this control of behavior, will all be much less expensive.This control will occur in the background, effectively and invisibly. Now to describe this change is not to say whether it is for the good or bad. Indeed, I suggest that as constitut ionalists, we must acknowledge a fundamental ambiguity in our present political judgments about liberty and control. I our peoples are divided in their reaction to this picture of a system of control at once perfect, and yet invisible. Many would say of this system — wonderful. All the better to trap the guilty, with little burden on the innocent. But there are many as well who would say of this system — awful.That while professing our ideals of liberty and freedom from government, we would have established a system of control far more effective than any in history before. So the response to all this is not necessarily to give up the technologies of control. The response is not to insist that Net95 be the perpetual architecture of the net. The response instead is to find a way to translate what is salient and important about present day liberties and constitutional democracy into this architecture of the net. The point is to be critical of the power of this sovereignâ €”this emerging sovereign—as we are properly critical of the power of any sovereign.What are these limits: As government takes control or influences the architecture of the code of the net, at a minimum, we 15 Lessig: The Laws of Cyberspace Draft: April 3, 1998 must assure that government does not get a monopoly on these technologies of control. We must assure that the sorts of checks that we build into any constitutional democracy get built into regulation by this constitution — the code. We must assure that the constraints of any constitutional democracy — the limits on efficiency constituted by Bills of Rights, and systems of checks and balances — get built into regulation by code.These limits are the â€Å"bugs† in the code of a constitutional democracy — and as John Perry Barlow says, we must build these bugs into the code of cyberspace. We must build them in so that they, by their inefficiency, might recreate some of the protection s we have long known. *** Cyberspace is regulated ? by laws, but not just by law. The code of cyberspace is one of these laws. We must come to see how this code is an emerging sovereign — omnipresent, omnipotent, gentle, efficient, growing — and that we must develop against this sovereign the limits that we have developed against real space sovereigns.Sovereigns will always say — real space as well as cyberspace — that limits, and inefficiencies — bugs — are not necessary. But things move too quickly for such confidence. My fear is not just that against this sovereign, we have not yet developed a language of liberty. Nor that we haven’t the time to develop such language. But my fear is that we sustain the will — the will of free societies for the past two centuries, to architect constitutions to protect freedom, efficiencies notwithstanding. 16