Free Essays on Mansfields The Dolls House :: Dolls House essays

The Dolls House A contributing factor to the story The Dolls House by Katherine Mansfield is the characterization of Kezia as she travels in her innocence through the symbolic world of experience. Kezia is essential to the plot because she represents a taboo, offering opposition to common ways of thinking. Through the portrayal of Kezia, as she interacts as the symbolic eccentric, Mansfield emphasizes the powers and blind justification of conformity within a society. The story commences with the arrival of the dolls house sent to the Burnell children. The Burnells take a great craving to this new acquisition. As the two older children admire the red carpet, red plush chairs, and gold frames of this highly ornamented house, Kezia, the youngest of the girls, takes an interest in the rather simple lamp. In fact, what she liked more than anything, what she liked frightfully, was the lamp. This infatuation symbolizes her impeccability in comparison to the others as she is drawn to the unadorned lamp. Kezia proceeds to find fault with the state and proportions of the dolls house and apotheosis with the lamp in its simplicity. As others take interests in the gaudy nature of the house, Kezia rebels But the lamp was perfect. It seemed to smile at Kezia, to say I live here. The lamp was so real. Conflict intensifies as Kezia delays the odd ball. The appreciation of the lamp is a metaphor for the actions to come. Kezia likes the lamp because she does not know any better. Thus, she decides to befriend the Kelveys because she doesnt see anything wrong in doing so. The Kelveys are a family that are shunned because of their economic status. Throughout the town, Many of the children, including the Burnnels, were not allowed even to speak to them. Without a second thought, school children and their families followed in the consuming tradition of looking down upon these unprivileged people. Kezia offers starting time to this common path of thinking and questions such a bl ind following. She asks her mother, Cant I ask the Kelveys just once? To which, the response is, Run away, Kezia you know quite intumesce why not. Mansfield successfully expresses the enveloping and controlling nature of conformity through the juxtaposition of Kezias innocence to the prejudiced views of those who live in the world of experience. While others remain to push Kezias nonconformist

Congress of Vienna (1815) :: essays research papers

Congress of Vienna (1815)In September 1814 June 1815, the leaders who vanquished Napoleon, European repre moveatives, and those who believe they were in high circles gathered together to redraw territorial boundaries and vogue a lasting cessation at the end of the Napoleonic wars after the downfall of Napoleon.&61664 Dominated by four major victors Great Britain, Prussia, Russia, and Austria set peace term with France in April.&61664 signing a crucial document&61664 legitimacy (territories should once more be placed under the control of the old impression houses of the traditional order), and stability (balance power in Europe)&61664 light penalty for France and restore it to 1789 boundaries and required France to pay.&61664 abolish slave trade&61664 the Holy alliance was formed to posit the Vienna settlementRusso-Japanese War (1904-1905)In 1904, the Russian angered Japan by increasing its presence in Chinas Union Province of Manchuria. Eventually, the Japanese decided to att ack the Russian to keep their power on the Asian Mainland and surprisingly, defeated them both on land and at sea. Eventually, Japanese became the dominant power in Manchuria.Second Reform Act (1867)&61664 Caused by the people who are devolve and want to gain to the political system&61664 tired of the British government who sympathize with movement for national liberation abroad and parade British naval, and national pride.&61664 started by the Conservative Party, under Benjamin Disraeli, look at for democratic reform&61664 they passed the Reform Bill of 1867&61664 doubled the electorate and gave the vote to the lower-middle class for the first time&61664 gathered support from the working class by evanescent laws that limited working hours, established sanitary codes, created housing standards, and aided labor union.Alfred Dreyfus (1894)In 1894, A Jewish captain was falsely accused and convicted of betrayal and sent to solitary imprisonment on Devils Island in South America.&6166 4 France people followed the news from time to time&61664 3 years later, the proof of his pureness appeared. Yet, the high-ranking officers refused to open the cased.&61664 Eventually, it divided the nation into two (Left and Right)&61664 Republican, socialist, and intellectuals under Zola rallied for Drefus.Nationalist, conservative, monarchist, and anti-Semitic force supported the Army&61664 in 1899, a second court-martial again convicted Dreyfus for evidence of anothers officers guilt.&61664 The Republic pardoned him, but it took seven years to get his name fully acquainted&61664 marked the action over anti-semitism, but the victory became a victory for republicanism and anti-clericalism. &61664 made them strong enough to separate church with state.

British Literature: Past and Present Essay -- essays research papers

British literature continues to be read and analyzed because the nucleotides, motifs and controversies that people struggled with in the past ar still being debated today. The strongest themes that were presented in this course related to ever-changing governments, the debate nigh equity between blacks and whites, men and women and liberal and poor, and the concern about maintaining hotshots cultural identity.The evolution of governments was a constant theme throughout the course, beginning with the lesson on the Introduction to Romanticism, where Edmund Burke, Thomas Paine, Mary Wollstonecraft and William Godwin debated the equity between rich and poor that was t atrial auricleing France apart. The theme continued through the lesson about the Impact of Industry.Burke was too close to his political sources to acknowledge the atrocities that were happening to Frances poor. He argued in favor of keeping the current political system, fearing that depravation would fill the vacuum of power if the monarchy was dissolved. This fear is still prevalent today after the fall in States ousted Iraqs Sadaam Hussain. In both situations, people are relate with the vacuum of power, fearing that someone more corrupt than the current administration would fill the void.Wollstonecraft countered Burkes debate and trumpeted the plight of the poor. She argued that to turn a deaf ear to the cruelty was a vote for tyranny.The rich and the weak, a numerous train, will certainly herald your system, and loudly celebrate your pious reverence for authority and establishments - they gamble it pleasanter to enjoy than to think to justify oppression than correct abuses (The Longman Anthology of British Literature, The Rights of Man, p. 82).She added that, They (the poor) ... .... David Damrosch, et al. Vol. 2. New York Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc., 2003. 1,060-1,068.Joel, Billy. We Didnt Start the Fire. Storm Front. 1989.Dylan, Bob. The measure They Are A Changin. The Times They Are A Changin.1964. Performed live by Joel, Billy. Kohuept. 1987.Equiano, Olaudah. The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano. London Stationers Hall, 1789. Rpt. in The Longman Anthology of British Literature. Ed. David Damrosch, et al. Vol. 2. New York Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc., 2003. 160-169.Prince, Mary, The History of Mary Prince, a West Indian Slave. London F. Westley and A. H. Davis, 1831. Rpt. in The Longman Anthology of British Literature. Ed. David Damrosch, et al. Vol. 2. New York Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc., 2003. 169-174.Heaney, Seamus. The Singers House. Rpt. in The Longman Anthology of British Literature. Ed. David Damrosch, et al. Vol. 2. New York Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc., 2003. 2,893.Shaw, Bernard. Pygmalion. Rpt. in The Longman Anthology of British Literature. Ed. David Damrosch, et al. Vol. 2. New York Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc., 2003. 2,087-2,143. British Lit erature Past and Present Essay -- essays research written document British literature continues to be read and analyzed because the themes, motifs and controversies that people struggled with in the past are still being debated today. The strongest themes that were presented in this course related to changing governments, the debate about equity between blacks and whites, men and women and rich and poor, and the concern about maintaining ones cultural identity.The evolution of governments was a constant theme throughout the course, beginning with the lesson on the Introduction to Romanticism, where Edmund Burke, Thomas Paine, Mary Wollstonecraft and William Godwin debated the equity between rich and poor that was tearing France apart. The theme continued through the lesson about the Impact of Industry.Burke was too close to his political sources to acknowledge the atrocities that were happening to Frances poor. He argued in favor of keeping the current political system, fearing t hat corruption would fill the vacuum of power if the monarchy was dissolved. This fear is still prevalent today after the United States ousted Iraqs Sadaam Hussain. In both situations, people are concerned with the vacuum of power, fearing that someone more corrupt than the current administration would fill the void.Wollstonecraft countered Burkes debate and trumpeted the plight of the poor. She argued that to turn a deaf ear to the cruelty was a vote for tyranny.The rich and the weak, a numerous train, will certainly applaud your system, and loudly celebrate your pious reverence for authority and establishments - they find it pleasanter to enjoy than to think to justify oppression than correct abuses (The Longman Anthology of British Literature, The Rights of Man, p. 82).She added that, They (the poor) ... .... David Damrosch, et al. Vol. 2. New York Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc., 2003. 1,060-1,068.Joel, Billy. We Didnt Start the Fire. Storm Front. 1989.Dylan, Bob. Th e Times They Are A Changin. The Times They Are A Changin.1964. Performed live by Joel, Billy. Kohuept. 1987.Equiano, Olaudah. The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano. London Stationers Hall, 1789. Rpt. in The Longman Anthology of British Literature. Ed. David Damrosch, et al. Vol. 2. New York Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc., 2003. 160-169.Prince, Mary, The History of Mary Prince, a West Indian Slave. London F. Westley and A. H. Davis, 1831. Rpt. in The Longman Anthology of British Literature. Ed. David Damrosch, et al. Vol. 2. New York Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc., 2003. 169-174.Heaney, Seamus. The Singers House. Rpt. in The Longman Anthology of British Literature. Ed. David Damrosch, et al. Vol. 2. New York Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc., 2003. 2,893.Shaw, Bernard. Pygmalion. Rpt. in The Longman Anthology of British Literature. Ed. David Damrosch, et al. Vol. 2. New York Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc., 2003. 2,087-2, 143.

Jet Propulsion :: essays papers

Jet actuationIntroductionThe following report, submitted to Roy Aircraft Engines Incorporated for an efficiency study, is an analytic thinking of a turbojet engine completed by thermodynamically studying each main destiny that constitutes a turbojet engine. RAE Incorporated requested softw are that would calculate the theoretical maximum output velocity, using stimulus data imputed by the user of the program. The calculations are made assuming idealized conditions. In the analysis, the turbojet was broken down into its fundamental parts, which consist of an inlet, compressor, burner, turbine, and beak. Description of fanjet Components First, the inlet / diffuser, of a turbojet brings isolated stream air to the engine and does no thermodynamic work on the spring. It is assumed that the flow done the diffuser is isentropic.Second, the compressor does work onto the shoot a line passing through to raise the pressure. Again, this form is assumed to be isentropic.Thir d, the compressed air is combined with sack and is ignited within the combustor. The process within the combustor is assumed to be isentropic. The resulting exalted temperature fluid is used to turn the fourth component of the turbojet, the turbine.Next, the turbine is used to extract energy from the heated flow advent from the burner. This is done by this flow of gas passing through blades on a free spinning shaft. The turbine generates just enough energy to drive the compressor. When the flow passes through the turbine, the pressure and temperature are decreased. The conterminous step is optional within the program. Here an afterburner is used to reheat the exiting gas from the turbine. This is done by injecting additional fuel into the gas exiting from the turbine. Igniting this mixture produces a high temperature at the nozzle, as a result the final velocity of the jet engine is increased. Finally, the flow comes through the nozzle where no thermodynamic work is performed on the flow by the nozzle. The temperature remains constant through the nozzle while the pressure and velocity of the flow go out change as dictated by the design of the nozzle. The nozzle is used to produce thrust and used to conduct the exhaust gases back to the free air. For the analysis of the turbojet, several assumptions were made and are as follows1. Air behaves as a compressible, ideal gas.2.Flow through the diffuser, nozzle, compressor and combustor isJet Propulsion essays papersJet PropulsionIntroductionThe following report, submitted to Roy Aircraft Engines Incorporated for an efficiency study, is an analysis of a turbojet engine completed by thermodynamically studying each main component that constitutes a turbojet engine. RAE Incorporated requested software that would calculate the theoretical maximum output velocity, using input data imputed by the user of the program. The calculations are made assuming idealized conditions. In the analysis, the turbojet was broken down into its fundamental parts, which consist of an inlet, compressor, burner, turbine, and nozzle. Description of Turbojet Components First, the inlet / diffuser, of a turbojet brings free stream air to the engine and does no thermodynamic work on the flow. It is assumed that the flow through the diffuser is isentropic.Second, the compressor does work onto the gas passing through to raise the pressure. Again, this process is assumed to be isentropic.Third, the compressed air is combined with fuel and is ignited within the combustor. The process within the combustor is assumed to be isentropic. The resulting high temperature fluid is used to turn the fourth component of the turbojet, the turbine.Next, the turbine is used to extract energy from the heated flow coming from the burner. This is done by this flow of gas passing through blades on a free spinning shaft. The turbine generates just enough energy to drive the compressor. When the flow passes through the turbi ne, the pressure and temperature are decreased. The next step is optional within the program. Here an afterburner is used to reheat the exiting gas from the turbine. This is done by injecting additional fuel into the gas exiting from the turbine. Igniting this mixture produces a higher temperature at the nozzle, as a result the final velocity of the jet engine is increased. Finally, the flow comes through the nozzle where no thermodynamic work is performed on the flow by the nozzle. The temperature remains constant through the nozzle while the pressure and velocity of the flow will change as dictated by the design of the nozzle. The nozzle is used to produce thrust and used to conduct the exhaust gases back to the free air. For the analysis of the turbojet, several assumptions were made and are as follows1. Air behaves as a compressible, ideal gas.2.Flow through the diffuser, nozzle, compressor and combustor is

Can At-Risk Children be Helped? Essay -- Crime, Juvenile

The 2010 Census showed that over 74 million children (or one-fourth of the total population) reside in the United Stateswith almost one-fourth being children under the age of 12 and one-fourth being youth ages 12-17 (Federal Interagency on baby and Family Statistics, 2011). Many of the decisions a raw psyche makes stooge affect the rest of his or her lifeand juvenile crime is just one of the bad decisions a young person can make. This essay covers the issue of juvenile crime, social works link, and my reflections on this issue.The Issue of Juvenile CrimeAccording to the Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics, in 2009 youth ages 12-17 committed more than 275,000 serious violent crimes (2011). Many factors are known to confer to youth crime, including a lack of parental involvement their childs life maltreatment failure to adhere to social norms and untreated health/mental issues. The old Boys will be boys adage by a parent is not an acceptable excuse for juveni le misbehavior (Segal, Gerdes, and Steiner, 2010). Youth need positive role models in their lives. If a young persons parents are not positive role models, the child may turn to a life of crime.Sometimes, however, maltreatment by a parent is a contributing factor to juvenile crime. Those suffering from maltreatment tend to internalize their feelings, causing them to exhibit symptoms of anxiety, depression, or suicidal behavior (Maschi, Morgen, Hatcher, Rosata, and Violette, 2009). Internalization of feelings can transmit to the externalization of unacceptable behaviors. Maltreated youth can become aggressive and rebellious (Maschi, et al, 2009).Untreated health or mental issues can also contribute to juveniles involvement in cri... ...s.govGerdes, K.E. & Segal, E. (2011). Importance of empathy for social work practice integrating new science. friendly Work, 56(2), 141-148.Harris, A. (2009). The role of power in shaming interactions how social control is performed in a juvenile co urt. Contemporary Justice Review, 12(4), 379-399. Doi 10.10880/10282580903342854Maschi, T., Morgen, K., Hatcher, S., Rosato, N., & Violette. (2009) Maltreated childrens thoughts and emotions as behavioral predictors evidence for social work action. Social Work, 54(2), 135-143.Segal, E., Gerdes, K., & Steiner, S. (2010). An introduction to the trading of social work. Third Edition. Belmont, CA Brooks/Cole, Cenage Learning.Schwalbe, C., Hatcher, S., & Maschi, T. (2009). The effects of treatment needs and prior social services on juvenile court decision making. Social Work Research, 33(1), 31-40.

Can At-Risk Children be Helped? Essay -- Crime, Juvenile

The 2010 Census showed that over 74 million children (or one-fourth of the total population) reside in the United Stateswith almost one-fourth being children to a lower place the age of 12 and one-fourth being youth ages 12-17 (Federal Interagency on Child and Family Statistics, 2011). Many of the decisions a young person makes brush aside affect the rest of his or her lifeand juvenile crime is just one of the bad decisions a young person can make. This essay covers the issue of juvenile crime, social flexs involvement, and my reflections on this issue.The Issue of Juvenile CrimeAccording to the Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics, in 2009 youth ages 12-17 committed more than 275,000 somber violent crimes (2011). Many factors are known to contribute to youth crime, including a lack of parental involvement their childs life maltreatment adversity to adhere to social norms and untreated health/mental issues. The old Boys will be boys adage by a parent is not an acceptable free for juvenile misbehavior (Segal, Gerdes, and Steiner, 2010). Youth need positive agency models in their lives. If a young persons parents are not positive role models, the child may turn to a life of crime.Sometimes, however, maltreatment by a parent is a contributing factor to juvenile crime. Those suffering from maltreatment tend to internalize their feelings, causing them to exhibit symptoms of anxiety, depression, or suicidal behavior (Maschi, Morgen, Hatcher, Rosata, and Violette, 2009). Internalization of feelings can lead to the externalization of unacceptable behaviors. Maltreated youth can become aggressive and rebellious (Maschi, et al, 2009).Untreated health or mental issues can also contribute to juveniles involvement in cri... ...s.govGerdes, K.E. & Segal, E. (2011). Importance of empathy for social clear practice integrating new science. Social Work, 56(2), 141-148.Harris, A. (2009). The role of power in shaming interactions how social control is performed in a juvenile court. Contemporary Justice Review, 12(4), 379-399. inside 10.10880/10282580903342854Maschi, T., Morgen, K., Hatcher, S., Rosato, N., & Violette. (2009) Maltreated childrens thoughts and emotions as behavioral predictors evidence for social work action. Social Work, 54(2), 135-143.Segal, E., Gerdes, K., & Steiner, S. (2010). An introduction to the profession of social work. Third Edition. Belmont, CA Brooks/Cole, Cenage Learning.Schwalbe, C., Hatcher, S., & Maschi, T. (2009). The cause of treatment needs and prior social services on juvenile court decision making. Social Work Research, 33(1), 31-40.

Shinsei Case Study

Shinsei Bank Case Shinsei bank has a rich history in ground of tempt over the Nipponese banking sector. Of all the defining moments, there are a few moments that reflect the culture shift of Shinsei bank from the more traditional Japanese approach to the more Western business model.These moments include the denial by Shinsei to forgive 97 billion Yen in debt owed by Sogo, the creation of the Shinsei Securities trading operations and the institutional banking department, being listed on the Tokyo Stock exchange and the hiring of tom turkey Pedersen as the Chief Learning Officer All the above moments are grievous beca design all reflect the shift from tradition and probably may account for the current lack of culture or rift mingled with the traditional Japanese employees and the foreign employees of Shinsei.Traditional Japanese banks were expected to view turn a profits as long term and were expected to be more socialist in terms of sharing the burden with society. By rejecting the request of Sogo to forgive its debt, Shinsei set the tone that its main responsibility is non to society but to earn a profit for its shareholders. This aspect was strengthened by the creating of the Securities Operations and the Institutional banking department. As the case pointed out, these positions were filled by foreigners who had experience in creating profits.In turn, these employees were mostly paid on commissions, which exacerbated their risk taking for short-term profits, which is inconsistent with the views of the traditional Japanese employee. In addition, by being listed on the stock exchange marked a milestone for the company because now its focus was completely shifted to earning profits and doing whatever was necessary to earn profits. All the above changes led to a culture rift between the traditional Japanese employees and foreign workers.As the case pointed, this rift or lack of culture was noted by Porte. Understanding the seriousness of the line of work , Porte hired Tom Pedersen to become the Chief Learning Office and assigned him with the responsibility of unifying the corporate culture with one mission for all employees. Although I agree with the use of pay for mathematical process in theory, I do not agree with the twain-tier remains as implemented by Shinsei. At Shinsei, it seemed that the two tiered system led to resentment.As one employee put it Frankly, for much of the first year the atmosphere in the bank was like civil warEveryone was fighting everyone else. The problem with pay for work systems is that detracts from team work as motivation for self reward goes against the idea of helping colleagues. On the some other hand, pay ground on the organization profitability leads to star performers being underpaid as strong as social loafing. In order to effectively implement a pay for mathematical process system, an organization must be careful to avoid the negative side effects.What was the aim of the values and vis ual modality exercise? How successful was it? The main purpose of the vision and values exercise was to formalize and align the current values that were present deep down the organization. By doing this, Pedersen hoped to align the values to the banks strategic plans. I think Pedersen has through with(p) a great job so far in trying to bridge the gap between the employees and trying to promote an organizational culture based on a common mission. His vision and values exercise was successful.In addition, he adopted a new 360 Performance Evaluation system for ripened executives and coaching session for evaluators so the evaluations were not inflated. By doing this, Pedersen was showing that there was more emphasis on those who could follow the values of the organization, rather than just on those that produced revenues. This showed great progress to the creation of a unified corporate culture. The primary role of a Chief Learning Officer is to work with HR and other corporate func tions to create a learning environment to follow the vision of the organization.This can include creating centralized prepare programs, performance evaluation programs, and other programs to give rise employees internally. I think the performance evaluation program should be expanded, but not at the current time. Since this has been in operations for only a year, the blotto should closely evaluate the response of this program, adjust and incorporate other metrics (which are more applicable to day-to-day employees). In addition, I agree with Luton that the results of the performance evaluation should be communicated to the one being evaluated.It is very important to communicate the findings of an evaluation to the employee and get their feedback on the process. An employee needs to know where their performance stands versus expected performance and the steps they can take to improve the performance. This can empower the employee as its shift responsibility to the employee. General ly speaking, the decision to expand or eliminate a new initiative should be based on the results obtained from the initiative versus expected results. In addition, a new initiative should be judged as to how well it fits within the organizations missions.There are numerous ways to assess the effectiveness of an initiative such as conducting employee surveys, benchmark studies, and soliciting feedback from middle and upper management. In order to however improve collaboration, Pedersen should implement a training program which includes specific learning principles. The main purpose of the training program should be to increase employee knowledge and skills. In order for a training program to be effective, the employees must know the objective of the training program. Employees should know exactly why they are participating in the training in the first place.The specific purpose and objective must also be communicated. Second, the training content should be meaningful which heart an d soul the concepts and examples should be familiar to the trainees. In addition, the employees should be given an opportunity to practice the principals they learned and then they should be given feedback about how well they are meeting the training objective. By incorporating the above steps in a training program, an organization can break down divisional barriers and foster a firm bulky learning organization.What are the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, flagellums the company pass on encounter? Strengths One strength of the company as a whole is the diversity of the workforce. Although majority of the workers are Japanese, the makeup of the workforce includes people from all over the globe, including ex-workers of LTCB. This is important because if the company were to effectively manage the diversity, it can tap into the various specialized knowledge as well as the culture knowledge of current Japanese workers. WeaknessesCurrently, the lack of communication between emplo yees is the biggest obstacle to change. In addition, the two-tier pay system appears to be a great cause of resentment. In order for the company to be competitive, Shinsei needs to effectively manage this divide. Opportunities Currently, Shinsei has a diverse workforce with knowledge in various sectors of the banking industry. By developing and strengthening an organizational culture in which all share the same mission, the company can become very competitive Threats One threat to Shinsei is the current structure of its revenue.As non-interest revenues are growing, Shinsei needs to figure out a way to attract retail business. The only way to do this is by creating an unified culture and tapping into the talent and skills of the current employees. Without this, Shinsei will cease to grow and will eventually become obsolete. What are the ethical underpinnings of the case? Use Schumanns ethical framework. Consider how these decisions preserve on the stakeholders? The ethical issues in this case are that Shinsei needs to develop an organization culture by managing employee performance and pay.Currently, the two tier pay system is not working as some employees feel they are unfairly treated. However, I think in this case, the firm will not be able to fairly treat all employees. This is not to say that the action will be unethical or illegal. This just means that not all employees will feel the same towards any decision made by the firm. As such, the decision that leads to the most good should be employed. whatsoever the decision, the decision will affectshareholders of the company, the employees, their families and even society itself.For example, if a company does not change the pay system or implements a performance system that is not fair, talented employees may leave. This can lead to loss of revenue and ultimately affect the bottom line of the shareholders. With loss of revenue, the company may be force to downsize which can affect current employees and eve n society. As such, any decision made by the firm will have a great impact on the stakeholders. In the end, the organization needs to make the right decision that will have the most good for the largest amount of people.

Fifth Business Essay

Robertson Davies wrote a novel that explores the psychological issues of the human being condition and this novel is called ordinal Business. The characters in this novel often create false images and in several points throughout one-fifth Business they deal with experiences and incidents in unique ways. One of the human species greatest abilities is the ability to mask emotions, thoughts and actions by lying and concealing the ingenuousness of a situation. In this classic novel, there is a constant battle amongst demeanor and reality in most, if not in all of the characters involved. boy Staunton and Dunstan Ramsay sufferm to be very close friends, but they have always had a secret rivalry in their relationship that consists of jealousy and differences. Dunstan Ramsay hides how he really feels towards Diana Marfleet, and Leola Cruikshank hides who she really is to fit the standards set for her by her husband Boy Staunton. The battle amongst appearances and reality is shown o n a number of different occasions in Fifth Business. For example, this battle surfaces between two of the main characters, Dunstan Ramsay and Boy Staunton.The relationship between these two is a very complex one. They appear to be both friends and enemies to each opposite. From the very beginning of their friendship when they were young boys, Boy is always exhausting to make Dunny feel less than what he is. Boy had more of an attachment to materialistic objects compared to Dunny and although Dunny never has an intention of competing with Boy, Boy sees Dunstan as a rival. On the other hand, Dunny shows how unimportant materialistic objects really are to him.I though twenty-four dollars was plenty for a ready made suit, and four dollars a criminal monetary value for a pair of shoes. I flip-flopd my shirt twice a week and my underwear once. I had not yet developed any expensive tastes and seen naught wrong with a good boarding-house. (Davies, 111) But as they grow up and Boy becom es a successful business man, he helps Dunstan with his financial investments by prominent him advice and own personal knowledge. I was filled with a sour scorn that I now know was nothing but envy, but then I mistook for philosophy.I didnt really want the clothes, I didnt really want the girl or the booze, but it scalded me to see him enjoying them, and I hobbled away murmuration to myself like Diogenes. (Davies, 113) Boy spent his energy on making sure he was always above Dunny and Dunny secretly envied boy despite the exterior of friends they gave dark to the world. Furthermore, when looking at Diana and Dunstans relationship, the reader finds yet another example of the battle between appearances and reality. Dunstan makes it appear that he is in love with Diana, when in reality, he is not.Not only does he make it appear that he is in love with her, but he also shows just how easily someone is qualified to hide the truth separating reality from appearances. Diana wants a li fe with Dunstan. She is ready and willing to settle down with him and start a family and because they were going to bed together, Diana was under the image that Dunny felt the same way she did. Dunny does nothing to make her think that he does not have the same romantic feelings as she does and because of this appearances collide with reality. That did not allow Diana. She take careed to assume that it did, and perhaps I was un light to her in not checking her assumptions as soon as I became aware of them. But, to be frank, I liked having her in love with me it fed my spirit, which was a low ebb. I liked going to bed with her, and as she liked it too I thought it was a fair exchange. (Davies, 81) Dunny even admits that he became aware of her feelings and her thoughts and failed to tell her the truth for his own selfish reasons.He states that he liked having Diana in love with him to boost his own self-consciousness and he also admits he hid his true feelings because he liked go ing to bed with her. Dunnys defense for his decision is his age. I was too young to be truthful about such a matter (Davies, 83) Thus, this relationship shown in Fifth Business shows that the ability to hide reality with a different appearance is easily attainable. Another example of this battle between appearance and reality is shown in the constant self-identity fight going on within Leola Cruikshank.In this situation, Leola is pressured to change who she is to fit to the extremely high social standards of her husband, Boy Staunton. Boy is constantly tearing his wife down by behaviour such as grooming Leola differently, making her learn a new language and changing her small town girl persona to that of a high society woman. She did not see why she should become stuck up and talk as she had never talked before, and behave in ways that were unnatural to her. (Davies, 144) Reality is fighting appearance in this situation.The reality of the situation in Boy and Leolas early years o f marriage is that Leola was just being herself, and Boy made it clear that that was not good enough. onwards Boy shaped her into someone different, Leolas real, natural personality made a regular appearance. If Boy let her shop alone she always came behind with what he called another Mary Pickford rig-out, and if he took her shopping in Paris the session often ended with tears, because he sided with the clever shopwoman against his indecisive wife, who always forgot her distressingly acquired French as soon as she was confronted with a living French creature. (Davies, 144) Leola cannot handle the pressures of trying to please her husband by being somebody who she is not. Leola ends up crying and slowly starting to hate her life and herself for not being able to maintain her high social reputation. She is unable to maintain the appearance Boy had created for her and reality is shown after Leolas suicide. The theme of appearances versus reality rises in Fifth Business quite often. This conflict is shown through Dunny and Boys relationship, as they seem like friends, but on the interior they have secret rivalries against each other. It is also shown when Dunny fakes his feelings for Diana and lastly, it is shown in Leolas act to be the perfect trophy wife when in reality, she is not. The characters in Fifth Busniess often create false images and pretenses seperating the appearance of a situation from what they actually are in reality and because of that, Robertson Davies novel Fifth Business shows a great contrast between appearances and reality.

Internal Controls Relating to the Bjb Company

All publicly trader companies in the USA ar required to maintain and support an up to date system of internal controls. Since the LJB Company is wishing to become a public entity, I am glad to be able to aid in this action. First, the rules and regulations must be reviewed and comp ared to the company and how it can become public. To make the company attractive to buyers, investors, and other capital sources, it is crucial that the corporate organization and institution are well manifested. Corporate executives and the board of directors within a corporation must ensure that these internal controls are effective.The reliability and efficiency of the internal controls must be directed and supervised by the board of directors and corporate executives (Kimmel 345). Because the LJB Company is a sm each sized company in regards to the employee number, in that location should be a re-evaluation of the costs versus the benefits of being a publicly traded company. It would be best to k now how the company would deal with stock in this case. A stock report necessitate to be made and discussed further regarding the number of shares, issuing stock, and stock value for the LJB Company.To safeguard the assets, enhance the reliability of the accounting files, increase efficiency within the pecuniary operations, safeguard the assets of the company, and ensure proper compliance with the laws and regulations, the Internal Control report is crucial to the company. A controlled environment, risk assessment, activity control, information and communication, and group monitoring should all be a part of the internal control report (Kimmel 349). From the given information, the internal control components of an effective internal control system are not as efficient as they can be.Because LBJ is trying to go public in the near future, there are some requirements that must be met in within the internal control system. It is the responsibility of the management on how important et hics are within the organization. Secondly, the management should address the employees on what kind of risks are associated in regards to having unethical activity. One example is fraud. In put together tor educe fraud, the management must implement policies and procedures regarding education in what the consequence of the employee and company willing be if fraud is detected.Due to the small number of employees in the LJB Copmany, there is an advantage over competitors. Because employees show long term commitment, there is a loyalty and employee retention. It is in addition easier to manage the employees and implementing new rules and regulations will be treatd in an easier manner. The decision to switch to pre-numbered invoices was a great idea by the accountants and the indelible ink machine procure was a great investment. These pre-numbered invoices are going to be a great aid in preventing transactions more than once and will be facilitatory in keeping go after of record ed transactions.It will also help the timeliness of the accounting entries from the employees transactions. This will restore the reliability of the accounting records and their accuracy. The use of sensual controls like this is crucial in the internal control environment. In addition, the holding of checks in a safe place is in accordance with the principles of internal sensible control as well and it reflects the safeguard of assetswhich in turn, improves the reliability and accuracy of the accounting records.Because of the monthly bank reconciliation and sole purchasing of the supplies, the accountant is playing as a treasurer and controller at the same time it seems. This is a violation of the segregation of duties principle (Kimmel 355). Various frauds are possible when this ternary role is employed. In order to deliver an effective and controlled system within the internal controls environment, the use of physical custody needfully to be separated from record keeping duti es. Fraudulent activity will be detected if documentation and independent verification is not employed.In regards to cash receipts, there should be a designated employee such as a cashier to handle the cash. Also, proper cash recording of receiving and having custody of cash, cash register and over the counter receipts, total deposits of receipts, register receipts, as well as bank deposit slips should be performed daily (as frequent as possible). Lastly, there should be a limited authorized employee number to handle the company cash safes and cash storage in the bank (Kimmel 352). The internal controls of the LJB Company would benefit from authorizing employees that are designated for treasury purposes only.These individuals would only deal with checks and approve payments darn keeping account for the checks with an approved invoice, as well as stamping each approved invoice that has been paid. Secondly, there needs to be a safe or bank vault that stores the blank checks and it i s restricted access to only certain authorized individuals. The machine needs to be printed with indelible ink for the correct amount. Lastly, there needs to be monthly reconciliations of bank and book balances the company needs to have approved invoices of checks before issuing payment(s).The internal control principles are based on responsibility of different employees. In the case that all employees have access to the petty cash drawer, it will be impossible to determine who may be responsible for an error if it occurred. It would be recommended that only one person is responsible for this handling. This petty cash should be held in a safe or vault and the person designated for access should report to the supervisor on a weekly basis in regards to the withdrawals therein. Lastly for the LJB Company, to ensure proper employee conduct and ethical conduct, the hiring subprogram is very important for the internal control issue.The human resources department should control and monito r background checks that are thorough and confidential. The companys information and certificate is at risk with the employees, so making sure that the employee value integrity will be crucial in the long-run success of the company. In order to have better physical internal control and human resource control, there needs to be restricted access to computers and information therein. First and foremost, there needs to be an installed software program that blocks certain websites.Upon hiring, the employee should attain his or her own password and login to have access to the computer. Software also exists that detects the websites accessed and a track record of login at particular times. Once an employee has their own login and password, they are solely responsible for the work they do on that computer. In summary, if all of the above listed suggested practices are taken into account and properly implemented, the LJB Company will thrive as a the publicly traded corporation. References K immel. Financial Accounting. 6. VitalSource Bookshelf. John Wiley & Sons.

Old Age

Old bestride as a Time of New Opportunities The article Old Age as a Time of New Opportunities (from the Foundation of Age) by Betty Friedan opened my eyes to a perspective that I had never really thought just about. It was about how old age is usually perceived as another step closer to death. In this article we ar able to understand the perspective of an sr. female. The female is 59 years old almost 60. She wants to go to Outward Bound which will give her the extreme outdoor experience.She goes with her friend Cecelia Herwich. They have to get by their city clothes and forget about who they were in the past and have to leave behind their professional role. When they arrive at the first campsite they be given their gear. They are given a backpack, poncho, sleeping bag, ground cloth, tin cup, spoon, water bottle, and iodine to purify it. They begin with a three mile crop up and down the road. She turned out to be the slowest because she had problems catching up with ever yone else.That night they spoke about why they went. A woman named ruth said she went because she wanted to do something exciting before she settled into a rocking chair. Another that was on that point was Earl. He said he was drawn in by the simple fact that it was dangerous because he would have to be there for ten days away from what he is used to and not knowing who else would be there along with him. After wards they mention that there are usually more men and that their expedition is the first to have more women involved.They stated that there are usually young men but not young women. Then they ask if women get more adventurous with age. I think that it is square that women get more adventurous the older they get. I think that this is true because they are afraid of retreating to nothing without feeling they did something that they have never tried before. They are afraid because they feel the vicious cycle of cleaning the house, taking care of the children, keeping up wit h husband and kids, etc.They are basically getting tired of the free-and-easy routine that they always have to put up with as regular house wives. Women feel they have been put down for too long so they want to do a change in their life. They want to feel that they did something different for once. I think that this would be an excellent topic to discuss in Sociology class. It is a good topic because it can be viewed in various ways. The different ways of viewing this article is interesting because everyone will most liable(predicate) have a different way of perceiving it by the way their brain is functioning.

The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass

The True fib of Slavery The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass is a riveting grade that shows how cruel and dehumanizing slaveproperty truly is. Slavery was an issue for tight all of the 70 long time it plagued America. In this report Douglass brings to light the sickening experience that slavery is for slaves themselves. Douglass is able to communicate how terrible the institution of slavery is because of the physical abuse m all know forced the slaves to endure, the necessities that were non provided to them, and their treatment as something like cattle.Douglass well-read very early that brutal physical abuse was synonymous with everyday plantation life. For nearly any reason, a supervisor or oerseer could outmaneuver or whip a slave. Most of the times slaves were abused, it was d unitary publically in beau monde to set a precedent for punishment of some other slaves. The opening was that when other slaves see their possible punishment, that they would behave th emselves. Douglass recalls a gruesome scene from his early age on the plantation that perfectly illustrates the cruelty of the overseers. He recalls his source overseer, Mr.Plumber, beating his Aunt Hestor He used to tie her up to a joist, and whip upon her sensitive back until she was literally covered in blood. No words, no tears, no prayers, from his gory victim, seemed to move his iron heart from its bloody purpose. The louder she screamed, the harder he whipped and where the blood ran fastest, in that respect he whipped longest. He would whip her to brace her scream, and whip her to make her hush (Douglass 5) This beating shows the pain that overseers go out of the way to create incredibly unspeakable and uncomfortable situations that their slaves must go through.Unfortunately, this example was commonplace, and done withal for the smallest wrongdoings. This caused spectators to think they could do nothing to avoid being beaten because someday the will hatful up and be f orced to endure the pain of the dismay skin. Essentially, these vicious beatings became an inevitability of slave life. Although plagued everyday with physical beating, the life of a slave does not get any easier as the return home. If slaves were lucky, they were treated virtually equal to cattle, but most of the time given even less aliment and other necessities.Slaves were required to work insanely long hours in the field, art object coming home to a shack without any of the necessities of life. They were not provided with proper food, housing or array. Douglass recounts the minimal amount of food he received apiece month Eight pounds of pork, or its equivalent in fish, and one bushel of corn repast (Douglass 9). This amount of food is not even enough to take to the woods a sedentary person, let alone someone who has been toiling from sunrise to sunsets in the fields. The food the slaves were given essentially had no nutritional valuate. Their yearly clothing consisted of two coarse linen shirts, one pas de deux of linen trousers, like the shirts, one jacket, one pair of trousers for winter, made of coarse negro cloth, one pair of stockings, and one pair of shoes (Douglass 9). The clothing that the slaves were provided with was not anywhere near adequate to move on them warm during the winter, or to provide protection against the elements in any way. As horrible as it was, the deprivation of clothing and food from slaves was only just the beginning. whip of all was the mental pressures put upon the slaves, this pressure grew to be passing tormenting for almost all slaves.Their treatment as nothing more than property, easily replicable and of no value made slaves depressed, and feel hopeless. The slaves were in constant mental turmoil, stressful to deject the thoughts constantly implanted into their minds by their masters. Overseers took pride in making sure slaves were awake(predicate) of their inferiority to white men. Douglass recalls how the slaves were grouped with animals We were all ranked together at the valuation. Men and women, old and young, married and single, were ranked with horses, sheep, and swine.There were horses and men, cattle and women, pigs and children, all holding the same rank in the scale of being (Douglass 46). This grouping essentially denies their right to be human and to feel any self worth. Slaves are left over(p) with a lack of confidence and eternal self-pity. Through Douglass narrative he is able to communicate the true ills of slavery. Not many subjects freighter still organize a chill down readers spines over 100 years later. Douglass is able to accurately portray how the Physical and Mental strains of slavery can affect the willpower of the slaves.The Narrative of the Life of Frederick DouglassThe True Story of Slavery The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass is a riveting story that shows how cruel and dehumanizing slavery truly is. Slavery was an issue for nearly all of th e 70 years it plagued America. In this narrative Douglass brings to light the sickening experience that slavery is for slaves themselves. Douglass is able to communicate how terrible the institution of slavery is because of the physical abuse many masters forced the slaves to endure, the necessities that were not provided to them, and their treatment as something like cattle.Douglass learned very early that brutal physical abuse was synonymous with everyday plantation life. For nearly any reason, a supervisor or overseer could beat or whip a slave. Most of the times slaves were abused, it was done publically in order to set a precedent for punishment of other slaves. The theory was that when other slaves see their possible punishment, that they would behave themselves. Douglass recalls a gruesome scene from his early days on the plantation that perfectly illustrates the cruelty of the overseers. He recalls his first overseer, Mr.Plumber, beating his Aunt Hestor He used to tie her up to a joist, and whip upon her naked back until she was literally covered in blood. No words, no tears, no prayers, from his gory victim, seemed to move his iron heart from its bloody purpose. The louder she screamed, the harder he whipped and where the blood ran fastest, there he whipped longest. He would whip her to make her scream, and whip her to make her hush (Douglass 5) This beating shows the pain that overseers go out of the way to create incredibly painful and uncomfortable situations that their slaves must go through.Unfortunately, this example was commonplace, and done even for the smallest wrongdoings. This caused spectators to think they could do nothing to avoid being beaten because someday the will mess up and be forced to endure the pain of the cow skin. Essentially, these vicious beatings became an inevitability of slave life. Although plagued everyday with physical beating, the life of a slave does not get any easier as the return home. If slaves were lucky, they w ere treated almost equal to cattle, but most of the time given even less food and other necessities.Slaves were required to work insanely long hours in the field, while coming home to a shack without any of the necessities of life. They were not provided with proper food, housing or clothing. Douglass recounts the minimal amount of food he received each month Eight pounds of pork, or its equivalent in fish, and one bushel of corn meal (Douglass 9). This amount of food is not even enough to feed a sedentary person, let alone someone who has been toiling from sunrise to sunsets in the fields. The food the slaves were given essentially had no nutritional value. Their yearly clothing consisted of two coarse linen shirts, one pair of linen trousers, like the shirts, one jacket, one pair of trousers for winter, made of coarse negro cloth, one pair of stockings, and one pair of shoes (Douglass 9). The clothing that the slaves were provided with was not anywhere near adequate to keep them w arm during the winter, or to provide protection against the elements in any way. As horrible as it was, the deprivation of clothing and food from slaves was only just the beginning. Worst of all was the mental pressures put upon the slaves, this pressure grew to be extremely tormenting for almost all slaves.Their treatment as nothing more than property, easily replicable and of no value made slaves depressed, and feel hopeless. The slaves were in constant mental turmoil, trying to deject the thoughts constantly implanted into their minds by their masters. Overseers took pride in making sure slaves were aware of their inferiority to white men. Douglass recalls how the slaves were grouped with animals We were all ranked together at the valuation. Men and women, old and young, married and single, were ranked with horses, sheep, and swine.There were horses and men, cattle and women, pigs and children, all holding the same rank in the scale of being (Douglass 46). This grouping essential ly denies their right to be human and to feel any self worth. Slaves are left with a lack of confidence and eternal self-pity. Through Douglass narrative he is able to communicate the true ills of slavery. Not many subjects can still send a chill down readers spines over 100 years later. Douglass is able to accurately portray how the Physical and Mental strains of slavery can affect the willpower of the slaves.

Customer Eccentricity

The core idea is to maximize customer value while minimizing waste. Simply, course means creating more value for customers with a few(prenominal)er resources. A lean organization understands customer value and condensees its key does to continuously increase it. The ultimate goal is to provide perfect value to the customer with a perfect value creation influence that has zero waste.To accomplish this, lean thinking changes the focus of steering from optimizing separate technologies, assets, and vertical departments to optimizing the flow of products and services through entire value streams that flow horizontally across technologies, assets, and departments to customers. Eliminating waste along entire value streams, instead of at isolated points, creates processes that need less homosexual effort, less space, less capital, and less sequence to make products and services at far less costs and with much fewer defects, comp bed with traditional business systems.Companies are ab le to respond to changing customer desires with high variety, high quality, low cost, and with very fast throughput times. Also, information management becomes much simpler and more accurate. A truncated HISTORY OF LEAN Although there are instances of rigorous process thinking in manufacturing all the way back to the Arsenal in Venice in the 1450s, the start person to truly integrate an entire production process was Henry fording.At Highland Park, MI, in 1913 he married consistently interchangeable parts with timeworn work and moving conveyance to create what he called flow production. The public grasped this in the dramatic form of the moving assembly line, but from the standpoint of the manufacturing get up the breakthroughs actually went much further. Ford lined up fabrication locomote in process sequence wherever possible using special-purpose machines and go/no-go gauges to fabricate and assemble the components going into the vehicle within a few minutes, and deliver erfe ctly fitting components directly to line-side. This was a truly revolutionary break from the shop class practices of the American System that consisted of general-purpose machines grouped by process, which made parts that eventually found their way into finished products after a good catch of tinkering (fitting) in subassembly and final assembly. The problem with Fords system was not the flow He was able to turn the inventories of the entire company every few days.Rather it was his inability to provide variety. The toughie T was not simply limited to one color. It was also limited to one specification so that all Model T chassis were essentially identical up through the end of production in 1926. (The customer did have a choice of four or five body styles, a drop-on feature from outside suppliers added at the very end of the production line. Indeed, it appears that practically every machine in the Ford labour Company worked on a single part number, and there were essentially n o changeovers. When the world wanted variety, including model cycles shorter than the 19 years for the Model T, Ford seemed to lose his way. Other automakers responded to the need for many models, individually with many options, but with production systems whose design and fabrication steps regressed toward process areas with much longer throughput times.Over time they populated their fabrication shops with larger and larger machines that ran faster and faster, apparently lowering costs per process step, but continually increasing throughput times and inventories except in the rare caselike engine machining lineswhere all of the process steps could be linked and automated. Even worse, the time lags between process steps and the labyrinthian part routings required ever more sophisticated information management systems culminating in computerized Materials Requirements Planning(MRP) systems .As Kiichiro Toyoda, Taiichi Ohno, and others at Toyota looked at this situation in the 1930s , and more intensely just after World War II, it occurred to them that a series of simple innovations might make it more possible to provide both continuity in process flow and a wide variety in product offerings. They therefore revisited Fords original thinking, and invented the Toyota Production System. This system in essence shifted the focus of the manufacturing engineer from individual machines and their utilization, to the flow of the product through the total process.Toyota concluded that by right-sizing machines for the actual volume needed, introducing self-monitoring machines to ensure quality, lining the machines up in process sequence, pioneering quick setups so each machine could make small volumes of many part numbers, and having each process step notify the previous step of its period needs for materials, it would be possible to obtain low cost, high variety, high quality, and very rapid throughput times to respond to changing customer desires. Also, information mana gement could be made much simpler and more accurate.PRINCIPLES OF LEAN The five-step thought process for guiding the implementation of lean techniques is light(a) to remember, but not always easy to achieve 1. Specify value from the standpoint of the end customer by product family. 2. Identify all the steps in the value stream for each product family, eliminating whenever possible those steps that do not create value. 3. Make the value-creating steps occur in tight sequence so the product go away flow smoothly toward the customer. 4. As flow is introduced, let customers pull value from the next upstream activity. . As value is specified, value streams are identified, wasted steps are removed, and flow and pull are introduced, begin the process again and continue it until a state of perfection is reached in which perfect value is created with no waste. LEAN ACTION PLAN While every individual or company embarking on a lean journey will have contrastive challenges based on their par ticular set of circumstances, there are several crucial steps that can help reduce resistance, spread the right learning, and flummox the type of commitment necessary for lean enterprise. trounceting Started Find a change agent, a leader who will take personal responsibility for the lean transformation. Get the lean knowledge, via a sensei or consultant, who can teach lean techniques and how to implement them as part of a system, not as isolated programs. Find a lever by seizing a crisis or by creating one to begin the transformation. If your company currently isnt in crisis, focus attention on a lean competitor or find a lean customer or supplier who will make demands for dramatically better performance. freeze grand strategy for the moment. Map the value streams, beginning with the current state of how material and information flow now, then drawing a leaner incoming state of how they should flow and creating an implementation plan with timetable. Begin as before long as possi ble with an important and visible activity. Demand immediate results. As soon as youve got momentum, expand your scope to link improvements in the value streams and move beyond the shop floor to office processes.Creating an Organization to Channel Your Value Streams raise up your firm by product family and value stream. Create a lean promotion function. Deal with excess people at the outset, and then promise that no one will lose their job in the future due to the introduction of lean techniques. Devise a growth strategy. Remove the anchor-draggers. Once youve obstinate something, fix it again. Two steps forward and one step backward is O. K. no steps forward is not O. K. Install Business Systems to Encourage slender Thinking Utilize policy deployment. Create a lean accounting system. Pay your people in relation to the performance of your firm. Make performance measures transparent. enlighten lean thinking and skills to everyone. Right-size your tools, such as production equipm ent and information systems. Completing the Transformation Convince your suppliers and customers to take the steps just described. Develop a lean global strategy. Convert from top-down leadership to leadership based on questioning, coaching, and teaching and rooted in the scientific method of plan-do-check-act . Integrate Six Sigma, shift and Kaizen People spend months drilling the Six Sigma process and statistical tools 1-Sample Sign Test This is used to test the probability of a sample median existence equal to hypothesized value. H0 m1=m2=m3=m4 (null hypothesis) Ha At least one is different (alternate hypothesis)

Emergency Room Services

Emergency rooms in the USA are at a lower place change magnitude pressure to provide emergency apportion to all, even if they are non life threa disco biscuiting. This trend in approaching ER for every singly business is costing the healthcare system a large amount of costs, with the result that the number of ER services and hospitals are decreasing with change magnitude pressure on the re importanting healthcare facilities.Other contri aloneing factors are not helping either. In addition to this the issue of increased alcohol consumption and ER admissions is also base to negatively affect the quality of healthcare. Nurses are under more pressure than ever to handle ER efficiently, which is showing no signs of decreasing the number of uncalled-for ER admissions.Alcohol and Drug Abuse Are Main Abusers of Emergency Room ServicesMany reports now confirm that Emergency room services are among the roughly misapply healthcare services employed by the patients. Of the many problems with which the patients come into the ER with, the most common are due to alcohol and drug jest at.According to McGeary (2000) chronic adulterous drug use is a positive as well as a significant determinant of the probability of utilizing the ER. (McGeary et al, 2000) Substance make funrs were 30 percent more likely to utilize the ER services than any other emergencies. (McGeary et al, 2000)The above statements and study results point out to many issues and findings. Firstly, that drug users or abusers are the most prominent patient crowd of the ERs. This leads to the next conclusion that in order to improve ER services, we must be able to identify and care for the main target patients, who are drug users, alcoholics and such related kernel abusers.ER is also a most likely place where screening for psychiatric symptoms and drug abuse can be identified, and further treatments carried out. In this way, an ER can be looked at as a diagnostic, screening and treatment facility for th ose who are substance or drug abusers, with or without psychological symptoms.This also means that in order to improve services in the ER, the prime patient population in focus should be such hatful, and effective measures and policies must be introduced to provide care for this group. The costs utilized in the education and prevention of alcohol abuse is far less than the costs that it takes to treat alcohol cases.The trend in opting for emergency visit initially may have been limited to emergency cases, but in the recent years has grown to include insignificant calls that may not need emergency initiatives. The problem lies in lack of awareness among people about what constitutes an emergency and what not.To many this increase in the recent years in the emergency room entries and calls are due to the increasing size of the populations, the diminution of services and number of hospitals, the decrease in the number of nurses, and the problems of not having insurance and coverage i n the American population. The current concept of ER has changed to become a place that provides round the clock services for all healthcare related problems instead of a service that is essentially made to save lives in searing danger.The complications are leading to more admissions, with the danger that many patients who may be in actual need of the critical treatment may experience delays in their treatment, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. (Severson, 2000) The current statistics reveal that one in five of the visits to the ER are for non-urgent conditions. (Osheraoff, 2004)Of the most common abusers of the ER system, men, poor families and African Americans are seen to abuse them the most. These be are high in all of the American states. In California, this includes a quarter million of the Californian adults and 60,000 children.The increase these admissions and care treatments cost are six times more than the normal clinical expenditures. Of the abusers, the no n citizens were more likely to utilize the ER services when compared to the citizens. All these increases in the numbers are thought to take place due to the reasons mentioned above. The ER services nation wide are in deep trouble. (Sacremento State News, 2004)In the last ten years from 1993 to 2003, America as experienced an increase of 12 percent in its population, but the ER reports and admissions have increased by 27 percent. This was bring together by the closing of 425 emergency departments, 700 hospitals and 200,000 beds. This means that as the number of ER services is decreasing, the remaining services are experiencing a sharp rise in the admissions and therefore more work with lesser amount of quality provision. (Brown, 2006)What many of the Americans refuse to acknowledge is that the ER visit is also costly for them, apart from the increased cost that the healthcare sector pays. This trend to have every thing taken care of in the ER is usually due to two reasons on the pa tients behalf. One is to save oneself from waiting for an appointment with the primary healthcare provider, and second is the lack of awareness among the Americans as to what constitutes an emergency. (Osheroff, 2006)The drug related admissions in hospital ERs is increasing precariously. In 2004, there were near 2 million admissions in the ER for drug related mishaps, of which 1.3 million were due to drug misuse or abuse. (SAMSHA, 2006)Of the 1.3 million, 30 percent comprised of illicit drug abuse cases, 25 percent were related to over the counter and prescribed medications, 8 percent were alcohol abuse cases in people under age 21, and the rest included combinations of illicit drugs, pharmaceuticals and alcohols in various combinations and percentages.The drugs that were primarily involved comprised of cocaine, marijuana, heroine, stimulants, amphetamines and methamphetamines, PCP, Ecstasy and GHB in the largest amounts. The problem pass on continue to increase in number as many p redict due to the increased number of teenagers and young adults taking up these substances. (Samsha, 2006)

Created for Perfection but Destined to Fail

Having a dying chela changes a familys life. A mother will do anything she possibly can to concern this child. Likewise, the rest of the family will consent to commit in order for their blood relations well organism. During and after a situation like this, life for the family will not be the corresponding. In the word picture, My Sisters Keeper, directed by gouge Cas yettes, a happily married meet with two children ext force out their life normally and joyfully until the day they learn that their two course grey female child, Kate, had leukemia and would not live retiring(a) the age of five.In the movie Sofia Vassilieva plays the role of Kate, the dying girl, whose illness would not let her live past the five. Neither Kates parents or brother were a match with her and thus could not donate anything to aid her with her terminating disease. The parents decided to produce a one hundred percent in vitro child so he/she could give Kate what she needed bone marrow, blood donati ons, and stem cells. Cameron Diaz, Sara Fitzgerald, the mother, together with Jason Patric, Brian Fitzgerald, the husband, agreed to conduct a baby do in a dish to be spare parts for Kate.(Breslin)And as soon as their baby was born, they would summit her into numerous surgeries so she could donate what ever Kate needed to live. To me this was a great attention grabber for the movie because it gave the plot originality. The in vitro child, Abigail Breslin, Anna Fitzgerald, was cardinal and she introduced the movie speaking of how she was provided made to aid her dying sister. She was the perfect in vitro child who would be Kates genetic savior. (Breslin) Ever since she was a newborn she was summited to numerous operations because of the different needs Kate had.Now that she is cardinal, Anna files a lawsuit against her parents wanting to be medically emancipated, to have the remuneratefulnesss to her own body. She claims she wants to live her life as a regular twelve year old girl without having restrictions in her daily activities. Later in the movie however, the audience comes to find that Kate had actually pleaded Anna into register the lawsuit. Kate does this because she had no desire of living anymore, she wants the suffering to end, and the fighting in her family to end.Kate valued Anna to be free from the surgeries, she wanted to be at peace and she wanted to free her family from further suffering. Cassavetes directed and created an excellent tear breakage movie yet he failed to properly construct and revise Sara Fitzgeralds role. Sara was portrayed as a loving mother, merely to a point, her character was a selfish. Her main concern since the movie began was her daughter Kates well being and was not going to let her die. (Diaz) Sara became a mother primarily interested in making Kate live and thereby forgot her role as a mother not except to Kate but to Anna and her oldest son Jesse.Sara had the entire family dedicated to regarding over Ka te and her needs. This made Jesse feel ignored and would constantly hightail it home and Anna grew feeling unlove. When Sara received the papers of the lawsuit, she became infuriated and slapped Anna across the face. This action of hitting her child exhibit how Sara simply disregards Annas opinion because listening to Annas desires meant letting Kate die and she was not going to part with that. Sara would rather have Anna feeling miserable with her life than to watch Kate die.Shegave up her entire life to watch over Kates health and she was not going to let anyone or anything ruin her twelve year battle. On the other hand, Brians role in the movie served mainly to defend his children. Although he struggled the same battle of agreeing Kate alive with Sara, his character understood and stood beside what his children needed. He let Sara take over for twelve years but when the lawsuit came he understood Annas point and stood beside her. Personally I loved when he took Kate to the be ach because she wanted to see it before dying.He took her even if it meant having an argument with his wife which could lead to acquire a divorce. Brian wanted to make sure that his daughter had what she wanted in her last few moments of life. facial expression at Roger Eberts professional movie criticism and review of the movie My Sisters Keeper, he stated that the movie is an immediate audience-grabber. He evidences that the movie is good because of the plot itself. A girl who is twelve was made so she could be spare parts for her dying sister.However, he does mention that the movie is radical to different interpretations to the viewers because some may agree on the lawsuit Anna placed on her parents and others may protest. The audiences opinion is controversial depending on their standing point. If a person respects life indeed he or she would disagree with Annas point because if she medically emancipates and decides not to continue to donate to her sister, Kate would die . Others who favor choice, agree with the lawsuit because Anna has a life of her own and she must pursue and live it.Ebert feels Anna is right to have gone to the lawyer, Alec Bald attract, who proves 90% accuracy on his trials because she is being independent and an achiever of what she believes is correct. He also feels that Anna has been by means of enough ever since she was born. She has donated her sister blood, bone marrow, and stem cells and has had to undergo several surgeries and stays at the hospital because of these operations. Ebert discusses the issue that Anna should not give away her kidney to her sister because this would limit her physical activities.She will not be able to enjoy her childhood, her adolescentage years and umpteen other activities she should be experiencing as a teen and even as she grows older. Ebert also discusses how Taylor, Kates dying boyfriend, gives My Sisters Keeper its best member because he makes the movie tender, tactful and very touch ing. (Ebert) His opinion about the appearance of this boy in the movie was to distract the audience from the entire discussion and constant fighting of the Fitzgerald family over the lawsuit. Taylor allows the audience to see that Kate in spite of her terminating disease was able to live a life like any other teenager.With this romance, Cassavetes entertained the movie aside from the tragic family disputes and turned it into a romantic love story between Kate and Taylor, and what they got to live for a while. This romance gave the movie more realism, Ebert stated. Regarding Diazs role as the mother, Ebert believed that her character demonstrated her force in wanting to solve and win a case in her buck private life. Since she was a prospering lawyer and won most of her cases while in practice, she direct sees Kates disease as a case she must win as well.Since Sara won cases most of the time, she now feels she must fight to keep Kate alive. This is her most intense case and she has won it for twelve years by having kept Kate alive past her expected death at five. Ebert agrees with the role of Sara Fitzgerald. Both my opinion and Eberts agree on many eventors of the movie My Sisters Keeper yet we disagree on one point. We both telephone that it was a great movie with an excellent plot and attention hook. The idea of having parents make and create a perfect match for their dying daughter was definitely a grabber.We believe that Anna has suffered her entire life and she now has the right to live her own life and enjoy being a kid. We feel she should not be worried of limiting her activities for the sake of helping her dying sister. For these reasons Ebert and I agree on the fact that Anna has the right to her medical emancipation, so she could have the right to her own body. Ebert and I also concord when we say that Annas family is near perfect and that the only disfunction in it is Kates disease. The disease was not only killing her, but it was killing her fa mily as well.Beneath the exterior there were cracks and resentments (Patric) that threatened the well being of the Fitzgerald family. The constant fighting between Brian and Sara, Jesse feeling ignored, and most importantly Anna having gone to a lawyer and having sued her parents portrays the family disfunction. The fact the Sara disregarded everyones opinion and did what she thought was correct without anyone elses opinion, led the family to slowly break. We think that Brians role as the father, served mainly as a mediator.He was in the middle of every battle at home and he was constantly overruled by his wife. He had no voice in the movie until the end when he confronted Sara and took Kate to the beach with or without Saras approval. All through the movie Brian was more of a junior-grade character yet he proved himself after the scene of the beach. Brian defended what he thought was correct and stood by Annas side when she filed the lawsuit, he understood her point and could not believe he had let his daughter suffer so much for the past twelve years.Overall Ebert and I believe he had a fair good role but his character stood out towards the end of the movie. In the role of Sara, Ebert and I disagree as to what we think Cassavetes wanted her to represent. To me Saras role and character in the movie, made her be disliked by the audience. She was set as a person who did not care about her husband, as a person who did not notice her son, and in a way she despised Anna for wanting to have the right to her body and stop being Kates savior. I felt she was a selfish mother who only cared about Kates life and no one elses.Ebert believed that Diazs role was her merely wanting to save her daughter Kate at all possible cost. He felt Sara viewed this battle as another win in her life, but this win was not in her professional life but in her private one. He thinks that this was a good touch in the movie to have portrayed the mother so involved and dedicated into saving her daughters life because it gave the movie a sense of ingenuousness and portraying how women would actually act in this situation. The movie My Sisters Keeper, reflects the life of a archetype family and how a death sentence slowly split the family members apart.Roger Ebert in his critique for this movie highlighted major aspects which I myself thought of when watching the movie. The idea of having an in vitro child be subject to various operations to aid her dying sister, made the movie so intriguing and different from many others. The plot of this movie was unpredicted and completely unpredictable. Overall the movie was great because it excelled in every aspect and most certainly because it was emotionally appealing to its viewers. I give the movie My Sisters Keeper directed by Nick Cassavetes, thumbs up.

Isabel Allende

A Tribute to Isabel Allende Honor should be given to Allende, whose works sometimes contain aspects of the magic realistic tradition, is matchless of the first successful women novelists in Latin America. She is largely famous for her contributions to Latin-American literary productions, novels such as The crime syndicate of the animate (La casa de los espiritus (1982) and urban center of the Beasts (La ciudad de las bestias) (2002), which have been hugely successful. She has written novels based in part on her bear experiences, often focus on the experiences of women, weaving myth and realism together.She has lectured and done extensive book tours and has taught literature at ten US colleges. Having adopted American citizenship in 2003, she currently resides in California on with her husband. Professional Life Born in Lima, Peru, her Chilean diplomat father and her fuss divorced and she lived with her mother and grandp arnts. She worked first as a secretary and then as a jo urnalist in print, on television and in movie documentaries. After the overthrow and assassination in 1973 of her uncle, Salvador Allende, president of Chile, Isabel Allende and her husband and children go forth for safety in Venezuela.It was in her exile that she began to write The House of the Spirits, her first novel, which was based on her have family and the politics of Chile. She continued to produce novels based in part on her own experience, often focusing on the experience of women, weaving myth and realism together. She has lectured and done extensive book tours, and has taught literature at colleges in Virginia, New Jersey and California. Her 1995 work, Paula, is based on the extended coma and death of her daughter in 1992.She was divorced from her first husband, Miguel Frias, an engineer. In 1988, she married William Gordon, a lawyer. Personal Life Allende thinks is very strange to converse about her because her life it is not just a list of dates and events. In reali ty the most alpha things about her life happened in the secret chambers of her heart and have no place in a biography. According to her own words, her most significant achievements are not her books, but the love she shares with a few people, particularly her family, and the ways in which she has tried to help others.When she was young, she often felt desperate so much pain in the world and so little she could do to alleviate it. But directly she looks back at her life and feels satisfied because few days went by without at least trying. A day at a time, a person at time in the end it adds up Here are a few things she considers of import and you wont find in a list of her publications and accomplishments ? It is important to be kind, be truthful, and take care of others and herself. Women her age, as elders of the village, have a duty to care for the young, especially girls. If the world is ever going to heal, it will be women who will make it so. Todays girls are tomorrows wome n. We cannot leave them to stand firm for themselves. ?She has been empowered by education, reproductive rights and economic independence. Young women who are uneducated and have no skills, who are not in control of their own bodies and fertility, and who cannot support themselves, can become destitute and be victimized. severally of us must act without delay to empower girls to take control of their lives, even if they stumble and gloam a hundred times. With our help, they can succeed. ?In every human being there is a center of shining dignity and courage. Conclusion In 1981, the world gained one of Latin America most funny writers with distinguished contributions as a literary artist and humanitarian. Works by the writer The House of the Spirits, (novel) Spain 1982 Of Love and Shadows, (novel) Spain 1984 Eva Luna, (novel) Spain 1985 Stories of Eva Luna, (short stories) Spain 1989 The Infinite Plan, (novel) Spain 1991 Paula, (novel) Spain 1994 Aphrodite (recipes, stories and oth er aphrodisiacs) Spain 1997 Daughter of Fortune, (novel) Spain 1999 Portrait in Sepia, (novel) Spain 2000 The City of the Beasts (young adult novel) Spain 2002 My Invented Country, (novel) Spain 2003 Kingdom of the Golden Dragon, (young adult novel) Spain 2003 Forest of the Pygmies, (young adult novel) 2005 Zorro, (novel) Spain 2005 Ines of My Soul, (novel) Spain 2006 The shopping center of Our Days, (novel) Spain 2007 Works about the writer Isabel Allende, Award-Winning Latin American Author by bloody shame Main (2005) Bautista Gutierrez, Gloria and Corrales-Martin, Norma Pinceledas Literarias Latinoamericanas, John Wiley and Sons, 2004 Allende is all about storytelling. Toronto Star (Canada) 23 Oct. 2002. www. epnet. com www. isabelallende. com www. ted. com. php/talks/isabel_allende_tells_tales_of_passion. hypertext mark-up language www. motherjones. com/arts/qa/1994/09/allende. html

Driving Force of Regionalism Essay

To what extent and in what ways have the driving perpetrates of percentagealism in second-east Asia changed since the end of the polar War?regionalism has become a trend in many regions of the universe of discourse. Among them, Europe, mating America and Asia (Asia Pacific region) are crucial ones. Some observers cope that the world bless have been divided amongst these three regions with the existence of the European Union (EU), the North Ameri mountain Free trade Agreement (NFTA) and The Association of south-east Asiatic Nations (ASEAN). This divergent part of the world requires comprehensive realization to make sense of how they have developed throughout muniment. In particular, writing the history of Southeast Asia remains a argufy as it involves the understanding of societies that often took quite different spate of the past (and) a region where the implications of that historical tradition may have a political consequence1. Clapham nones that it is up to now more(prenominal) challenging to analyse foreign policy making in Southeast Asia region2. The proterozoic 1970s was a signifi freightert period for the states in this region as it was during this time that five countries decided to join together and define their position in the polar War between two mights and claimed their neutrality.The detail that ASEAN has come up with much(prenominal) a policy is interesting to look at as it gives not lonesome(prenominal) an insight of the driving take outs of regionalism in Southeast Asia but also how these developing states saw themselves and invent their foreign policy in the post-Cold War period. This paper aims to analyse ASEANs behaviour in order to access to what extent regionalism has changed since the end of Cold War in Southeast Asia. In that, regionalism would be conceived as a state-led or states-led project designed to reorganize a particular regional space along defined scotch and political lines3. The password is div ided into four parts.The first part discusses the useful abstractive insights of shelter club to explain why ASEAN states encourage in the midst of hot shelter challenge in the region. The second part identifies the prudence of ASEAN during the post-Cold War period. Given the confine of this paper, the discussion specifically examines the guinea pig of the Spratly Islands and the creation of ARF. In the concluding section, achievements and prospects for ASEAN will be addressed. The central argument that this paper advance is that regionalism in Southeast Asia has changed and the changes have beendriven and constrained by the bail condition during the post-Cold War era where a regional power vacuum is found.ASEAN emerged from the Cold War as a regional organization in 1967. With the accession of Cambodia, it seemed to be fulfilling the aspirations of its founding fathers to expand membership to admit all ten Southeast Asian countries. However, with the end of Cold War and t he settlement of Cambodian conflict, ASEAN is facing a bare-ass challenge cerebrate to issues of security and stability in the post-Cold War regional environment4. check to the Bangkok Declaration of 1967, the goal of ASEAN is to belt along the economic growth, social put across and cultural development in the region to safeguard the political and economic stability of the region against big power rivalry and to serve as a fabrication for the closure of intra-regional differences5. The formation of ASEAN should be seen as a sum of maintaining peace and stability by providing a forum for the discussion and resolution of regional issues relating to security.There are and then a bend of incidents to show that security issue is the major(ip) concern of ASEAN much(prenominal) as the call for a Zone of Peace, Freedom and neutrality (ZOPFAN), the 1976 Treaty of Amity and Cooperation and ASEANs role in the Cambodian conflict in the 1980s. However, with the end of Cold War, ASEA N faced a new challenge to its goal when the security environment of South-east Asia was transformed by the change from the old bipolar Cold War security system to the new emerging multipolar system. The new power pattern in the region forced the ASEAN states to cooperate as they realized the security could be in danger if they do not collaborate to improve the situation. This kind of behaviour of the ASEAN states can be best explained by Deutschs discussion of security communities. This was especially evident in the correction of regional integration and some scholars argued that the image of security connection provides the most useful framework to analyze ASEAN regionalism. According to Deutsch, a security community is a mathematical group that has become integrated and accompanied by stiff or informal institutions or practices in order to assure smooth change among members of a group over a long period of time6.Essentially, members within the community retain their indepen dence and sovereignty. The two attributes of such a community are marked by the absence of war and make violence. To be more specific, asYalem notes, a regional security community is a group of states which have renounced the use of force as a means of resolving intra-regional conflicts7. Deutsch further adds that there should be no contingency grooming or war-oriented resource mobilization against some other members within a security community. This could be acted as an index number of whether states have developed dependable expectations of peaceful change8. Furthermore, whether a security community has been achieved can in truth be tested operationally in terms of the absence or presence of significant organized preparations for was or larger-scale violence among its members9. When applying the conception of security communities into the study of regionalism, it is important to make a distinction between security community and a security regime. Buzan defines security regime as a group of states cooperate to manage their differences and avoid war by seeking to mute the security dilemma both by their own actions and by their assumptions about the behaviour of others10.Although this seems similar to the concept of security community, there is a major difference in that a security regime refers to a situation where the interests of the actors are both not wholly compatible and competitive. Thus, the resulting relationship is alternatively hostile and the use of force is hindered alone by a balance of power11. In comparison, a security community is based on a fundamental, unambiguous and long-term convergence of interests among the actors regarding the avoidance of war12. In this context, ASEAN regionalism is more likely to be conceptualized as the process of make the security community rather than the latter. Although a security community seems to be constructed on the ground of interests and identities rather than the idea of ordinary threat, recen t literature sketched by Adler and Barnett stress that a security community can actually be triggered by common threat such as cataclysmic events13.As Adler puts it, the concept of a community is the idea that actors can share values, norms, and symbols that provide a social identity, and engage in various interactions in myriad spheres that reflect long-term interests, diffuse reciprocity and trust, strikes fear14. Furthermore, Hurrell attempts to suggest a series of approaches to study contemporary regionalism. He notes that cooperative arrangements in regional cooperation could serve a number of purposes on the one hand, they can serve as a means of responding to external challenges and of coordinating regional positionsin international institutions or negotiating forums. On the other, they can be developed to secure welfare gains, to bring forward common values or to solve common problems arising from increased levels of regional interdependence. In the security field, for exam ple, such cooperation can range from the stabilization of a regional balance of power, to the institutionalization of confidence-building measures, to the negotiation of a region-wide security regime.15The concept of security community can be applied to explain the creation and the behaviour of ASEAN. During the time of the Cold War, great power rivalries between the Soviet Union and the US in the region has turned Southeast Asia into a battleground with the regional states world used by the opponents with the attempt to create blocs which support their positions or ideologies in the war. Simultaneously, many states in the region have been oppressed by external powers for centuries and not being treated as a respectable actor in the international agenda. Facing with the same hardship, therefore, they came together and create a region free from external interference. However, with the end of Cold War, the security order in this region is characterized by new factors of conflict and instability and regional policy-makers have expressed misgivings about the strategic uncertainties and conflict-creation potential of a post-Cold War order at the regional level16.Among the regional powers, China, Japan and India are generally being seen as the three leading contenders for influence17. For some, the involvement of US in the region as the balance of power is still desirable and the possibility of its withdrawal remains a major matter to of the regions stability18. In fact, there are a number of unsolved tensions in the region and most of them revolve about Chinas strategic ambitions such as its claims for the Spartly Islands. In responding to the new challenge, the ASEAN states have to reconsider and adjust some of the assumptions and principles underlying ASEAN regionalism in order to contribute to regional security and order embedded in the 1992 Singapore Declaration. In order to examine in what ways the driving forces of regionalism in South-east Asia have chang ed since the end of the Cold War, it is essential to look at some good example studies of ASEANs post-Cold War diplomacyChinas claims for the Spratly Islands and ASEANs response Situated in the South China Sea, the Spratly Islands consists of islets and reefs with suspected deposits of oil and gas19. The struggles involve China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia and Brunei. Many worried that the dispute will turn into a potential source of armed conflict involving ASEAN members particularly because the likelihood of any agreement on the word development of the islands involving all the claimants, as pro constitute by some regional policy-makers and analysts, has limited plausibility20. In behold of this, other ASEAN members initiated efforts to address the security issue which was seen as a destabilizing force in the region in the post-Cold War period. Finally in 1989, it was Indonesia alone launched the South China Sea Workshop (SCSW)21 to promote peaceful settlement of th e dispute by emphasizing the lessons of Cambodian conflict and the lessons from ASEAN regional cooperation. Although the workshop has been extended to include China, Vietnam and Laos in 1991, there were no collective ASEAN position or action on the dispute.The irony lies on the fact that the Spratly seminars are a unilateral Indonesian initiative, resulting from diplomacy not by ASEAN or even a group within ASEAN but by one member country22. The regional community sense was missing in this incident particularly because Malaysia and the Philippines feared that multilateral forum could lessen their negotiating ability thusly making bilateral settlements impossible. As a result, they were not willing to support ASEAN to settle the dispute involving other member states23. This indicates their determination to uphold national autonomy and also their perspective to view ASEAN solo as a confidence-building forum rather than a regional community24. Consequently in 1992, China passed a eq uity on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone of the Peoples Republic of China. The aim of this command is for China to formalize far-reaching claims in the South China Sea.The assertiveness of China caused doubt over the strong point of the previous launched workshops and made ASEAN members realized that China insisted on unilateral means to solve the problem. ASEAN responded to Chinas claims with the ASEAN Declaration on the South China Sea issued in the same year. The Declaration emphasized the require to resolve all sovereignty and jurisdictional issues pertaining to the South China Sea by peaceful meanswithout resort to force and it urged all parties to exercise constraint25. It has been pointed out that ASEAN has claimed some success by placing the dispute on the agenda of the ASEAN regional gathering (ARF) with the support of intense lobbying26. At the same time, ASEAN has been criticized for failing to manage codes of consume in that China continued to carry on i ts bilateral agreement with Vietnam in 1993 and Philippines in 199527. However, in a bigger picture, it made clear that all ASEAN members has developed a respect for the codes of conduct enshrined in the 1976 Treaty of Amity and Cooperation on issues relating to peaceful settlement of conflicts and the non-use of force.Evolution of the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF)The ASEAN whirligig of 1992 declared that ASEAN shall seek avenues to engage Member States in new areas of cooperation in security matters, therefore, the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) was established in 1993 which serves as a multilateral consultative forum aimed at promoting preventive diplomacy and confidence building among the states in the Asia-Pacific region28. Through the ARF, ASEAN hoped to create regional order based on its own norms as well as the new norm of inclusiveness which is essential to cooperative security29. In this content, the ARF provided a test of ASEANs norms as the membership of ARF included all the ma jor powers of the international system whereby the regional order in this region would also base on the inclusive approach meaning that the major powers would engage in the management of regional order.In 1995, the Philippines discovered the incident of Mischief Reef by China while ASEAN responded by issuing a joint statement criticizing China30. It seems this stand of ASEAN fulfils the idea of community, however, it is only a partial fulfillment due to the fact that the ASEAN members have different interpretations of the conflict. ASEAN consensus is always revolved around the norms of peaceful settlement of conflict which is being seen as the guarantee for stability.However, they did not identify with the position of the Philippines, for instance, Thailand considered the dispute as bilateral and not a dispute between ASEAN and China. Again, the event actually put a test on the ASEAN members ability to come up with a collective position. As Malik comments on the future of the Southe ast Asia regionalism, he points out that to maintainpeace in the region, it is not only founded on the stability of a balance but is sourced in a sense of shared aspirations and common destiny31. In view of this, the lack of consensus among ASEAN member states indicated their unwillingness to demand standards of behaviour from China which only reinforced the ASEANs partial fulfillment as a community.In general, the post-Cold War period has posed unleashing of conflicts in the Asia Pacific region which were effectively suppressed during the colonial era and the subsequent period of superpower rivalry32. With the end of bipolarity, there is a greater potential of conflict. This paper has examined ASEANs behaviour in security affairs during the post-Cold War ear with the objective of assessing the validity of the idea of community. Many scholars have widely admit ASEANs potential to become a regional security community from both within and removed the region. Snitwongse notes that alt hough ASEAN may not be able to fully achieve self-reliance, its most striking achievement has been community building33.Simon claims that ASEAN is perhaps a security community in which no member would consider the use of force against each other to settle disputes34. In the aftermath of the end of Cold War, the absence of war among the ASEAN members is indeed being recognized by many as a great achievement. Based on the discussion of this paper, it has proved that ASEAN has developed some of the attributes of what Adler and Barnett call it as a nascent security community where a number of triggering mechanisms including threat perceptions, shared identity and organizational emulation are present.After three decades of progress in promoting peaceful intra-regional order, ASEAN faced its greatest challenge since the end of Cold War as the menstruum regional security environment remains in a state of uncertainty. Nonetheless, the prospect of a regional power vacuum implies the possibi lity of ASEANs further progress while the question remains whether ASEAN itself can fill the security gap by mobilizing its collective diplomatic and political resources.BibliographyAcharya, A., A New Regional Order In South-East Asia ASEAN in the Post-ColdWar Era, International Institute for Strategic Studies, Adelphi Paper 279, London, 1993Acharya, A., Constructing a security Community in Southeast Asia ASEAN and the problem of regional order, London, 2001Adler, E & Barnett, M., A framework for the study of security communities, in Adler, E. & Barnett, M (eds.) 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