Criminal Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 5

Criminal Law - Essay ExampleThe Act describes the nature of such offences and suggests penalties against such acts and omissions. In the same way, the Act condemns any sexual activity practiced or per organizeed without free consent of both the parties to the contract and views such sexual act an offence, which is based on fraudulence, undue influence, coercion, misrepresentation or any other related act that reveals the non-compliance of the aggrieved ships company and hits his/her freedom of choice.Malignantly doing any act known to be likely to spread transmitting of any disease dangerous to life is a serious offence and the offender of such act is liable to be punished under the section 269 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. In the same way, Law forbids a person undergoing contagious and venereal disease(s) from entering into sexual relationship with any other person without bringing to the knowledge of the other all information regarding his/her infectious disease, as well as taking protective measures necessary to save the partner form bodily harm of transmitting the disease he suffers. In addition, the statute of law not only condemns involving into sexual intercourse without the free will of the parties, entirely overly it does not allow any such act in which the element of misrepresentation involves. Misrepresentation stands for the statement made by a party to a contract, that a thing relating to it is in fact in a particular way, when he knows it is not so.Sexual Offence 2003 is the outcome of the changes that took place with the gun trigger of new laws as well as discovery of new diseases afflicting the individuals of society. Free sex with the consent of the parties as well as homosexual activities are also among the significant factors along with the discovery of human immunodeficiency virus known as HIV more than a decade ago, to bring in new laws and doctor old

NFL Public Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

NFL Public Relations - Essay ExampleThe game is also dominant in America because fans love the game, not plainly their teams. It is a social game that is practiced since childhood and the love develops henceforth. The game has also been promoted to dominance by the NFL community which is united in promoting the game. Henceforth NFL has know the effort of players, former players, coaches and the management as ambassadors of the game. NFL has also made efforts to market the game outside America which has helped it earn more fans in America and in the whole world. The success of the game since the 1980s has been attributed to good management that has enabled to market it among its fans through improved public relations. One of the men who have been accredited with alter the public relations of the game has been Rogers Goodell.Roger S. Goodell was born on February 19, 1959 in Jamestown, sore York. He is the son of the late US senator Charles E. Goodell who was a republican form New Y ork. The Goodell family moved to New York in 1971. He was a sport star while in Bronxville High School and played football, basketball, and metrical football. He was captain of the iii teams and was declared an athlete of the year while in Bronxville School. From high school, he joined Washington Jefferson College in Pennsylvania, Washington and graduated with a degree in Economics in 1981.In 1982, Goodell began his career in NF... He rose in ranks quickly and in 1987, he was appointed assistant president of the American Football Conference who was then Lamar Hunt. He worked under the commission Paul Taglibue executing various football and business roles. He was later appointed the executive director Vice President of the NFL and in 2001 appointed the Chief Operating Officer. Goodell was chosen on August 8 2006 to succeed Paul Tagliabue who had served the league for a pine time and Goodell assumed office on September 1 2006. Tagliabue is attributed to having led the league well and it was during his tenure that revenues skyrocketed for the 17 years he was at the channelise of the office. It is estimated that the league will collect about $10 billion mainly on TV rights for the next 6 years under the leadership of Goodell and the base laid by Taglibue.Goodell had a lot of effects on NFL during his tenure as a commissioner. According to Broncos (2006), he led the 1994 initiative for rules, created senor football operations, introduced the strident replay system and restructured the officiating department. He is attributed to having improved the league image especially on public relation. He is attributed of having instilled discipline in the league. In April 2007, he announced a person Conduct Policy and consequently a number of players were suspended for having broken the Personal Conduct Policy. According to Williamson (2007), among the victims of the policy initially were Tennessee Tiatnce Pacman Jones and Cincinnati Bangals Chris Henry. By August 2007, Goodell had suspended four players on matter of their conduct both in field and off-field. In his tenure as a commissioner, he also addressed the drug problem. The use of drug in the league had

Purchasing power parity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Purchasing power parity - Essay Examplebsolute purchasing power parity to distinguish it from a related supposition relative purchasing power parity, which predicts the relationship between the both countries relative inflation rates and the change in the switch oer rate of their currencies (Wikipedia, 2006).It is important in international economics for at least three reasons. First, it proposes a particularly simple theory of exchange rate determination it predicts that, if the relative price of two currencies is flexible, then it volition adjust to equal the ratio of their price levels. Second, if this kind of adjustment does not take place, the ratio of price levels can nonetheless provide a reference point against which the current exchange rate can be deemed to be under- or over-valued relative to its PPP level. Finally, irrespective of whether PPP pull up stakes ever occur in practice, deviations from it must be taken into account in making international and interregiona l comparisons of real income (Neary, 2004).The theory assumes that the actions of importers and exporters, motivated by transit country price differences, induces changes in the spot exchange rate. In another vein, PPP suggests that transactions on a countrys current account, affect the value of the exchange rate on the foreign exchange market. This contrast with the interest rate parity theory which assumes that the actions of investors, whose transactions are recorded on the capital account, induces changes in the exchange rate (Suranovic, 1999).Although earlier studies, like Froot and Rogoff (1995) had reported evidence of short run violations, many economists as Mc Donald (1996), Wu (1996) and others still hold the view that over the long run, relative price may move in proportion to the nominal exchange rate so that the real exchange rate will revert to its parity. Hence, it becomes important to test PPP as a long run relationship.PPP theory is based on an extension and variat ion of the law of nature of one price as applied to the aggregate

Human ressources management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Human ressources eliminatement - Assignment ExamplePerformances of the organizations be highly dependent on the efficiencies of the employees. The employees are highly asserted on this matter. Sometimes they try to resist different changes by manipulating their performance, efficiency and productivity. Organizational change is a serious bring out that every modern comp both is facing. Organizational change is the systematic movement of a company from one position to another position. It may change the lookout of an organization. Resistance of change is not a new concept. Whenever organizations have come up with different changes they face significant and tough challenges from the employees. Sometimes resistances are adult or direct and sometimes it has been underlying or indirect. The companies across the world are spending lots of money and energy for implementing changes in their organizations without facing overly much of resistances. Here in this hear a detailed discussio n will be done about how the employees offer effective resistances to prevent any organizational changes. The essay will include introduction, master(prenominal) body and conclusion. It will be a step by step approach.The main objective of this essay is to find various ways through which employees around the world resist different organizational changes. Organizational change is a regular phenomenon. With the changing scenarios employees are also varying their ways to oppose any changes. The study will help to understand that how employees often hinder the way of changes. In this essay the main objective will be to find out and analyze different methods, generally employees across the world follows to prevent any changes. This essay will inform managements of the different organizations about the possible responses of the employees in the context of organizational changes. If managements of the organizations are able to get the pictures of possible resistances then it will be easy for them to manage different resistances. In

Information Technology in Healthcare Essay Example for Free

Information Technology in Healthc ar EssayInformation technology has doubtlessly played cardinal role of transforming the operation, circumspection and the overall performance of many organizations. Similarly, its expected that information technology would show more or less same wedge of results in the health care organizations. That is, the employment of IT system in the provision of health care services will mitigate the quality of service provision in the industry.Generally, the term quality is used not in its simplest form but has been used in its complex form, which is primarily meant to incorporate improvement of the functioning of the incompatible healthcare departments together with the affiliated organizations which form part or participate in one way or another in the process of delivering health care service (Berg, 2001). Despite the fact that there has been increased investment in the healthcare industry, recent research has shown that the consumption of IT serv ices/products is far a great deal less in the healthcare industry as compared with the consumption rate of organizations in other sectors.Moreover, the large world population in developed countries or states like in the UK, USA among others access to high-quality healthcare services. While its known that not all individuals in the developed nations are well up, the distressing and the middle class group experience a lot of obstacles as they endeavor to access healthcare services and their related products such as scholarship of healthcare insurance cover and payment of hospital bills.With the low consumption rate of the IT services by the healthcare organizations in most developed nations, this has take to provisions of meager services to the poor, but its postulated changing to intensive IT consumption would mitigate the situation (Fournier, 2003). Significance of Using EMR system There are several reasons for the embracing of IT systems in the healthcare industry. Depending on different perspective of the focus, the use IT system has been used to bring an evolution in the healthcare provision. give care in other industries dealing with provisions of services and products different from those of healthcare industry, the instruction execution of IT services in the healthcare sector is aimed at bringing an evolution both in the performance and quality of the services delivered to the consumers. For the last two or three decades back, many organizations have put more efforts in the patronage of healthcare service provision, in order to have a change from the traditional record keeping practices. The adoption of the E-recording has thus been viewed as major measurement towards achieving a greater improvement in the healthcare overall performance.The consumption of IT services though is at low rates, the benefit accrued from the few ship canal in which it has been absorbed is enormous. In the area of medical records and record keeping, healthcare industry is adopting to the IT system to solve the problem of complexity in their system. First and foremost, the purpose of IT systems in medical record and recording reduces the time of production, spaces and transfer epoch, thus occupying to overall decrease in the expenditure cost of the record management (Berg, 2001). Facility evaluationThe EMR celerity is a sophisticated instrument which comprises of different parts for the accomplishment of the recording and storage of healthcare data and information. The equipments components involve both computer hardware as well as parcel product that support its data processing, storage operations and management. The major physical parts of the facility are the CPU together with its accessory components, while the non-physical component included the operating software and the special EMR software, which permit the performance of multiples tasks of healthcare.The special software is an go one which enables data entry through use of clicks, reducing the amount of keyboard typing. This means that the EMR facility supports the input of enormous data into the healthcare records with ease. The advanced software not only wires information in the word formats but it also supports the use of the imagery or photographic works, meaning that its a complete storage system of healthcare information. Cost of EMR system The EMR system is a model that occupies the least space in data storage systems. Though it has a multi-task purpose, the be perhaps is at moderate rate.EMR costs are computed from the various variables or components which are needed in the implementation of the system within an organization. The costs of implementing EMR are identified in two classes, viz the purchasing and installation system cost and the maintenance cost. Usually, prior to the installation of the EMR system, the CPU and computer accessories must be purchased. Additionally, the clinicians and physician are without the knowledge of developing the s uperior software which allows the carrying out of the various functions of data storage and processing.Currently, the prices of a computer surf from $ 7000 to 7500, while the software prices are estimated in the range of $1000 to $1500 which are inclusive of the license charges. The grant installation expenses of the hardware and the software within the healthcare premise is approximated at $ 3500, but this quote is not inclusive of the implementation expenses which incorporates the costs incurred during the adoption of the new-made systems. A part from the equipment and software costs, other indirect expenses are incurred in the courses of running the systems the maintenance costs which are at a crook $ 2000 per annum (Fournier, 2003).Regulation implications The utilization of the EMR systems in hospitals will have great impacts on the regulation and management of information within the healthcare supplier organizations. Among the anticipated outcomes is that the use of this sys tem would save time taken in retrieving patients information as well as hasten transferring of the information to any other organization or party where its needed. By doing so, both insurance organizations and organizations acting as referral healthcare services providers will have broader based of the assessment the patients health progress.While this system employed Electronic signatures that are unique, its a practice that reduces the risks associated with the heavy use of personalized signatures that can change with time or maybe forgotten. Barriers to EMR systems As revealed in a number of healthcare organization that have endeavored to install the new EMR system in their organization, there are several challenges are generally faced by firms implementing the system. According to the let out information, the initial outlay or capital is extremely high to be met within the current budget on healthcare development.The lean budgetary range bars the purchase of crucial and basic e quipments such as power backups to ensure data inputs and output operations are not halted due blackouts or brown out that adversely affect the quality of service delivery. Considering that most have workers have been used to the old system of cover work, its undoubtedly overt that most of them will be disturbed of the implementation of the system (Miller, 2004). The employment of EMR system mean that much work would be accomplished by a few clinicians and physician workers, a case that actually acts as a threat to job security for some of the employees.To take the full benefits of the systems, its very important for the training of the staffs, particularly to empower them in the use of installed system. This calls for the payment of the training service from external organization/firms as the organization has got no training personnel with the required knowledge, experience and proficient of the installed system. The hiring of the new trainers is not ease as their cost falls out o f the current budget.The handling of the new system of EMR also demands the use of shared devices such as serves, which implies that the company would have to hire additional staff to maintain the networks and the servers. Fraud and waste issues The implementation of the EMR systems within the organization has the ability of curbing certain problems experienced in the course of management and activity accomplishment. Usually, most of the organization depending on the traditional paper work recording depicted a lot of movements from one place to another.This indicates poor integration or communication between individuals at different departments. Sometimes, this increases the duration of the patients stay within the healthcare facility. Thus, the employment of the EMR system reduces the waste of healthcare facilities by eliminating or reducing many personnel movements, in the meantime leading to improvement on patients safety and general service delivery. Though EMR systems is appea ling way of improving the clinicians and physicians work effectiveness, high risks on privacy and confidence are associated with this kind of system.System hacking together with ease of reproducing the data in this system acts as the greatest threat to the use of the methodology (Miller, 2004) EMR Implementation The following are steps of implementing an EMR system Selection of the most suitable EMR to be adopted by the organization Compose a lead team to campaign for the EMR system Generate an implementation plan List/choosing the required equipments and software Training the organizations staffs Select security provider to the data/ information sites Input the selected data of interest TimelineThe first day will be the discussion on the redundancy experienced within the organizations so as to determine the appropriate EMR system. The second day will be formation of a steering team that would work together towards ensuring success of the project. trine will be generation o f a list of items equipments and software that would be used. Then, this will be followed by the installation of the system that would take a bout a week. This will run concurrently with the training of the staff members on the new system though the training will be extended by another week for practical skill acquisition.

1984 vs. Animal Farm Essay Example for Free

1984 vs. zoology Farm EssayIn twain novels xix Eighty-Four and Animal Farm there argon many similarities. Three main topics, which will be discussed in this essay, are control, closing off, and rebellion. The governing powers in each society of the two novels use control and isolation as tools for suppressing rebellion to ensure their reign of the social authority for future years to come.In Nineteen Eighty-Four, the regimen, also known as the P contrivancey, controls the society Winston full of lifes in. This takes spatial relation near the eastern side of the world and it is separated into three areas Eurasia, Eastasia and Oceania. These three provinces are constantly at war with each other and are controlled by different governors. Winston lives in Oceania and the Partys leader is roundone named Big Brother. No one has ever seen this person before, further is said to exist. The Party abolishes every type of art including the art of having free will. These abilities we re destroyed, smothered, and obliterated through careful means, and anyone having them was stated insane, dangerous, and antisocial. To prevent these laws from being broken, the Party championwash slew and have Telescreens that slew monitor everyones actions and a security task force called Thought Police to enforce these laws with torture and pain.The Thought Police would get him upright the same. He had committed, even if he had never set pen to paper, the essential crime that contained all others in itself. Thoughtcrime, they called it. Thoughtcrime could not be concealed forever. You might dodge successfully for a while, even for years, but sooner or later they ware bound to get you (pg. 166)The Thought Police are so feared that even Winston is afraid to break any of the laws. He knows he wants to write, but is already afraid before he even starts. This is how the Party suppresses the society.Likewise, in Animal Farm, control is involved with its society as well. The animals visualised in this novel represent human beings. The pigs are the smartest animals in the bring out and they take control and manipulate the otheranimals to do their dirty work. One of the pigs, Napoleon, has taken the throne of power with force and he controls the farm by using all the animals for his own benefit. Like Nineteen Eighty-Four, there are laws in Animal Farm, but as time goes by they are changed and shaped to his liking. To enforce Napoleons way of life, he uses savage dogs (which he raises from birth) to suppress the society (the animals). The dogs are just like the Thought Police in Nineteen Eighty-Four.All that year the animals worked like slaves. But they were happy in their work they grudged no effort or sacrifice, well aware that everything they did was for the benefit of themselves and those of their kind who would come after them, and not for a pack of idle, thieving human beings.(pg. 51)Napoleon and the Party are the same. They both control the society with manipulation or control and anyone who does not follow their rules, are dealt with.Isolation in Nineteen Eighty-Four, is displayed by the whole society itself. It bum be seen through the laws of each shoot down and how the wars between them. The Party constantly tells the society false information to keep them where they are. It tries to keep the population from leaving their land and moving to another, even though it is impossible since every other land is equally isolated. The society is constantly pee-peen false information about their land being in war with this one to frighten the people. The Party tries to keep the society separated from other ones to ensure that no other power preempt overthrow them. For example, if another land were to gain a higher population, they would have more power and more control. Thus, showing the Partys isolation.Once when he happened in some connection to mention the war against Eurasia, she startled him by saying casually that in her opinion the war was not happening. The rocket bombs which fell daily on London were probably fired by the Government of Oceania itself, just to keep people frightened. (pg.154)Just the same, Animal Farm, is isolated. The animals take over the farm and they keep themselves past from the humans. They even change the original name of the farm to Animal Farm once they have taken it over. The farm is isolated from the rest of the society. The animals in the farm are separated and even have their own governors. In the farm, the animals believe that all animals are comrades and the only enemy against them is man. They believed that they were better off without the humans and that they would live even better lives than the humans.The animals were happy as they had never conceived it possible to be. Every mouthful of food was an acute positive pleasure, now that it was truly their own food, produced by themselves and for themselves, not doled out to them by a grudging master (pg. 24)The animals ar e isolated from the humans and now that they are, they believe that they are truly happier and productive than they were in the past.Many of the people in Nineteen Eighty-Four are brainwashed and are made to believe that they are lifetime a prosperous life. The people have no idea that the world they live in is actually a lie, except for Winston, who believes otherwise. Inside his heart, he hates the Party even though he works for them. His work is to produce false information and deliver it to the society. Winston hates this, thus leading him to rebel. To fight against the Party, there is a group led by a man named Goldenstein and the only purpose of the group is to seal off the Party. In the end the rebellion is useless and nothing actually comes good out of it. Nothing can change the Party and nothing will.He was walking down the white-tiled corridor, with the feeling of walking in sunlight, and an armed guard at his back. The long-hoped-for bullet was entering his brain? He lo ved Big Brother (pg. 300)Even though Winston has joined the rebellion, it is shown that it wontsucceed. The rebellion is proven that it wont succeed in this quote. Winston represents the rebellion in general and the bullet represents the Party. The bullet has entered Winstons brain and has killed him, just like how the Party will kill the rebellion.Similarly, Animal Farm has a rebellious group. Like Nineteen Eighty-Four, the animals represented the rebels and that man represented the Party. Man, just like the Party, had complete control over the farm. Then the animals decided it was time, and raged war with man. The difference is that the animals did actually overthrow the government unlike the rebels in Nineteen Eighty-Four, but the rebels in both novels still have the same goal.Man is the only creature that consumes without producing. He does not give milk, he does not lay eggs, he is too weak to pull the plough, he cannot run fast enough to catch rabbits. Yet he is sea captain o f all the animals. He sets them to work, he gives back to them the bare minimum that will prevent them from starving, and the rest he keeps for himself(pg. 7)The animals rebel for same reasons as Winston did. They are living in a world where they are all mistreated.To sum it up, there are many similarities between Nineteen Eighty-Four and Animal Farm. Both powers in each novel have complete control of the society, and use isolation and force to subdue them. This never-ending fight for control will never stop and any change will just result in a large cycle leading back to the same problems.

Ethical Issues In Operations Management Commerce Essay

Ethical Issues In Operations Management Commerce Essay morals in the p atomic number 18ntage field especi all told(prenominal)y in the trading operations counseling is getting more than popularity. Ethics is concerned about the rules of human behavior and considers whether or non at that place is any objective right or wrong. The study of respectable motive is divided into legitimate fragments which include descriptive morality, nigh(a) theory, and applied honourable motive. In teleph one and however(a) circuit, the innovation of estimable motive is present for thousands of years now. The purpose of this research is to explore the body of knowledge with regards to ethics in operations counsel. Three questions atomic number 18 presented to set directions as follows (1) what are respectable replications faced in operations management (2) how do companies resolve good cut downs in their operations management and (3) does honorable behavior inside the operations function need management. Operations management refers to the approach of managing, designing, improving, and operating demarcation processes or systems that are cerebrate on producing or delivering goods and services. A refreshen of literature about the operations management and the ethical issues inwardly it is conducted to obtain answers to the research questions which are presented by the end part.Chapter IIntroductionEthics is a term which refers to moral philosophy that focuses on the aspects of good life and the difference between develop and worse. Ethics is concerned about the rules of human behavior and considers whether or non there is any objective right or wrong. Furthermore, ethics is concerned about the foundations of moral principles and how it evolved. Vee and Skitmore (2003) listed three things that contitute ethics as follows (1) ethics refers to a system of moral principles which operates as a basis for adjudicate actions as right or wrong (2) ethics re fers to the rules of conduct which illustrates a particular accetable multitude of human actions and (3) ethics refers to moral principles of an individual. Considering the definition of ethics, it give notice be deemed that its main objective is to guide the society on deciding what is good from bad and what is better from worse which is also referred to as normative ethics. This may be done in a general modality or may address indisputable ethical issues completely. new(prenominal) form or ethics is termed as metaethics wherein the moment of ethical language is analyzed to identify their true meaning. Simply speaking, the true meaning of referring to something as a moral act or a right act is analyzed.The study of ethics is divided into received divisions which include descriptive morality, ethical theory, and applied ethics. The first division which is termed as descriptive morality refers to ethics which is based from the actual principles, customs, beliefs, and practi ces of the society. Cultural facts differ from real societal groups to an other(prenominal) nigh the military personnel and these forms as the basis for their acts and what they believe should be right. Second division of ethics is ethical theory which refers to the under sales boothing and justification of moral concepts, principles, and theories. Final division is applied ethics which is foc utilise on the ethical issues in the society. This report travels to the applied ethics division since its objective is to obtain an understanding on ethics in air and the ethical issues in operations management and how may these be resolved. To chance upon this objective, some basic concepts on ethics shall first be discussed followed by its relation to the logical argument world specifically in operations management. Moreover, a literature review shall be conducted to examine the common ethical issues that lapse in operations management and how these are faced by the line sector and other concerned societal groups. This report is expected to add in the body of knowledge which is concerned about ethics in the workplace with discussions that connect the three mentioned division of ethics. Its significance shall be seen in a focal point that it examines the ethical trends and changes that occur in the business sector from the traditional era to the modern era. Research questions that will serve as guides for the paper are as follows (1) what are ethical issues faced in operations management (2) how do companies resolve ethical issues in their operations management and (3) does ethical behavior within the operations function need management.Some examples of ethical shapes in operations management decisions include customer safety, employee safety, materials recyclability, waste disposal, pollutions, repetitive tasks, stress in workplace, regulative company cultures, employment policies, fluctuations in working hours, consumption of energy, energy efficiency, im plications of plant location, closure, and vertical integration on employment, impact of process location on environment, and growth of re inaugurations. The next section shall present a literature review of the ethical issue in operations management that actually existed in the business sector and how are they resolved. It shall provide an overview of the ethical issues in the real world to offer a better understanding of the phenomenon.Chapter IILiterature ReviewBusinesses in todays world are faced with the pressure of having to comply with the ethical standards to ensure their continued market penetration without risk of being stripped out of the limelight. Businesses face this argufy with their own corporate favorable responsibility. In this review, the literature regarding the ethical issues in operations management is explored. Articles wrote by authors who focused on the topic of ethics in operations management are identified. Subtopics to be considered are the ethical is sues that exist and challenge the operations management, the ethical leadership of an operations manager, their ethical decision- fashioning, how the operations managers ethically influence the race under them, and how ethics in operations management can boost the morale and integrity of an organization as a whole. This review is structured to analyze ethics in operations management through a deeper examination on the mentioned subtopics and findings are considered in the end.Ethical logical thinkingEthical views differ from one society to another due to the differences in religion. People more very much take their religion as the basis for their ethical reasoning since religions present a authentic standard for morality. For example, Christians are direct by the Ten Commandments found on the Bible. Other religions are also guided by their own ghostly books alike(p) the Koran and Bhagavad Gita which t separatelyes what people ought to do. Models for good or moral acts are also established in some religions like the Saints or holy people. Despite the fact that the society seem to have grown with the tradition of basing their ethical standards with their own religions, philosophers believe that ethics can stand alone without ghostlike grounds. In philosophy, ethics base its analysis on what is right or wrong on reasoning and experience rather than incorporating religious standards and teachings. This fact also articulates that people who have valid ethical views or ethical standards of living are not only those that belong to any religious sector precisely also those that do not believe to any religion at all. Moreover, the challenge for religious ethics is the idea that something is referred to as ethical because it is approved by God which makes it arbitrary. Ethics should be independent and saying that something is right or wrong should not be based on someones approval. For this reason, a person should learn to have his own skill of moral reasoning. The goal of philosophical ethics is to deal with ethical issues without regarding to any religious views.Ethics is evaluative. This factor that referring to an act as either a rightful act or a wrongful act is equivalent to judging or evaluating it. However, it is not bounteous just judge or evaluate something. A judgment should be supported by certain norms or reason. Furthermore, it is not acceptable to say that a conclusion is given just because the speaker feels that management. A speaker who evaluates something is expected to explain deeper why he delivered such conclusion or attitude. Giving justifications to certain ethical conclusion is essential to ethics. A persons reasoning may be based from a prior experience regarding the said conclusion. Reasoning may not everlastingly be rational of objective since eitherone can admit that in every decision making done, emotions and feelings always interfere. A person can solve that say because he might have experienced the emot ions that are accompanied in that certain view.Ethical evaluation has several domains including action, consequences, character, and motive. In evaluating a certain role, the actions of either the parties involved constitute either right or wrong deeds. When concluding who of the parties is right, it is necessary that a person know the meaning of the term right. righteousness actions are those that are permissible including those that are obligatory and optional while wrong actions are those that are not permissible. Another domain of evaluating an ethical situation is the analysis of the consequences. An action is considered right if the results are positive while it is considered wrong when the consequences are otherwise negative. This is studied in teteological ethics which is beyond the scope of this report. Another area of ethical evaluation is the analysis of character of the doer of an action. People with bad character traits usually has negative outlook on life and are li kely to act in a way harmful to others. Last domain if ethical evaluation is the motive or intention behind an action. These ethical evaluation domains shall guide this report in analyzing the reasons behind ethical issues that exist in business.Ethics in BusinessEthics in business is not a new trend. In fact, it is already present for over four thousand years now. With the changing trends in the business world, the society is getting more concerned about the corporate responsibility of businesses. Debates have also been conducted focusing on the social issue of poverty among the workers and the corresponding responsibility of the employers about the issue. tied(p) in the ancient times, issues on ethics in business can be observed just like in the teachings of Aristotle about the harmful effect of the gaps that exist between the economical utilization of goods and the profit making objective of many merchants. At present, the rise of the concept of corporate social responsibility among the business sector constitutes corporate initiatives of integrating several ethical aspects such as establishment of calculates of conduct, environment management system measures, health and safety in the workplace, configuration to financial reporting standards, certifications schemes, company partnerships with community groups, and support for projects that are aimed for community instruction.There are several factors for the demand of the society for business ethics as a corporate responsibility. Some of these include the changing social role of corporate entities, globalization, developments in technology, and moral authority democratization. In the past, the responsibility or ordinance all aspects of social life rests in the hands of the government. However, with the evolution of time, some duties are being moved from the government to the other sectors of the society including the individuals, the social groups, and the business sector. With this trend, corporate en tities are required to establish their own self-regulation policies especially that the government has recognized the fact that fully controlling the business sector is not always an efficient way of influencing corporate behavior. Increased pressure is put on the business sector about the possible consequences of their policies on the society.Globalization is another whimsical factor for the societys demand of business ethics among the business sector. Currently, many businesses enter the international market and corporations tend to invest worldwide since this gives them more opportunities to grow. However, with the trend of incoming in different foreign markets, there are complex things to consider including ethics. Customs and traditions in foreign lands differ from each other and some business practices that may be acceptable to one nation may not be accepted in the same sense in another. Businesses are often expected to adapt with the customs and values of the foreign land t hat they are trying to penetrate. Pressure on companys corporate social responsibility is high since there is still no firm and stiff supervision governing the international business behavior.Developments in technology seem to be a great source of questions of morality. Technology at the current time is considered advanced and it provides a way for people to experience things that are thought to be impossible before. Technological development brings convenience to the society and contri simplyes to the establishment of a kind of life that is better than before. Ethics come to picture as the society examines the real consequences of technology to the way of life. The effect of technology to the world is complex and the government has not enough capacity to handle the issues accompanying it which makes it necessary for the business sector to take actions on whatever consequences their own technology may bring.In the past, moral authority often rests among a few groups in the society including the Church, the government, and the theorists. At present, the opinions of the mentioned authorities are now considered as a regular opinion which can be aligned with the opinions of a regular entity. The power and control they once had over judging and handling ethical issues has faded and now there is a democratization of moral authority. This again puts pressure on the business sector to manage their ethical affairs seriously since everyone seem to have the authority to criticize their business practices are compliance to ethical standards. Businesses are compelled to open their policies to the public when questioned about their business ethics. Moreover, with the intrusion of media, the businesses are more exposed to public which makes them susceptible to any ethical criticism.The relationship of a business to its stakeholders is the primary concern of business ethics. Stakeholders may include all the entities that have pursuit on a company or are influenced by the co mpany such as the shareholders, the customers, the employees, suppliers, competitors, the government, and others. Seeking business strategies that will consider the interest of all the stakeholders is not an easy task for a company but an important mission of every manager and all the high ranking company officials. Like any other company managers, operations manager has one of the most important duties of handling decision making processes regarding ethics in operations management.Ethics in Operations ManagementTo obtain a better understanding of operations management, it is necessary to define what operations mean. Operations refer to the portion of business which is responsible for the production of goods and services. Operations management therefore refers to the approach of managing, designing, improving, and operating business processes or systems that are focused on producing or delivering goods and services. In other words, operations management involves the process of conve rting a set of inputs into outputs (Hassin, 2009). The term operations management originated from the concept of productions management used in the past which refers to the process of converting raw materials into finished products. However, with the evolution of time, the term expanded to production and operations management to integrate the operations in the operate industry until currently, it is now termed as operations management.The main objective of the operations management is to ensure that products and services are delivered to customers at best quality but at lowest costs. Some huge organizations have separate operations management departments that do operations activities while some companies do not have, but regardless of this fact, all organizations have operations endeavors and every organizational member is involved in operations in some way. A companys operations management function is headed by the operations manager who has the primary duty of managing resources involved in operations. Some of the areas of decision making that are include in the duties of a companys operations management are formulation of operations scheme, setting of operations performance objectives, configuring process types, ensuring prompt service, layout design, planning for long-term capacity, facility location, technology to be adopted, designing of products and services, designing processes, and employee motivation.Business activities which are considered as operations include manufacturing, supply, transport, and service. Manufacturing activity involves the conversion of raw materials to final products which are eventually sold to customers. tote up is another business activity which involves the change of ownership of a certain physical good from the company to the customer. This is a usual business activity among the companies in the retail distribution industry. Third business activity described as included in operations is transport. This refers to the proc ess of transferring of goods from one place to another. Finally, service is an operations activity which involves changing of the condition of the customers. Operations of a certain company may not only be limited to only one of the mentioned activities. For example, a company which manufactures a certain product also supplies the same to the end customers. In this company, several operations management activities involved are manufacturing, supply, and transport.Different organizations belong to different industries adopt operations strategies that fit their businesses. However, some approaches adopted by different organizations in their operations strategies tend to be common and similar to each other. Certain requirements for an effective operations strategy include appropriateness, comprehensiveness, coherence, consistence, credibility, and ethicality. Appropriateness refers to the alignment of the operations strategy with the companys competitive strategy. This is especially ne cessary when operations strategy is hypothesise for the purpose of connecting the companys operations to its goal of developing a competitive edge over the competitors. An operations strategy is also required to be comprehensive where all aspect of operations is tackled. Operations management is included in a companys complex process of business and achieving excellent performance which makes it necessary for every strategy to deal with every aspect of operations rather than limiting tactics on minor operational decisions. Furthermore, it is not enough that operations strategy be comprehensive, it must also be coherent. Every element of the strategy which refers to specific operations function must point to the same direction for the strategy to be effective. From period to period, operations strategy may be modified but one important thing is noted, it should be consistent through time. Credibility is another factor for an effective operations strategy. It is important that every strategic goal is realizable to maintain credibility. A strategic objective which the operations management failed to achieve may give a negative impact on the strategy and the employees may be discouraged to support it subsequently. Finally, an effective operations strategy should be ethical. An operation strategy may have consequences after its implementation which makes it necessary to be formulated based of ethical standards.The role of ethics in operations management is important especially in world-class operations and it should be considered in corporate responsibility. This claim is based on the fact that most of the ethical issues in businesses originate from the operations level. Another reason for importance of ethics is the ethical consequences that arise from the strategy of some companies to obtain cost advantage by outsourcing. Ethics in operations management is concerned on the way how profit is obtained rather than on the quantity of profit which is considered enoug h. The tension is between cyberspace and the responsibilities of the company.Steenkamp (2010) described operations management as a management function which receives least attention and understanding. Aspects in operations are often left to the engineers and other concerned professionals or especialists. The term is not even used among the organizations in the servicing industry. Realizing this gap, it is important to understand that operations management should be taken into consideration since it is one of the functions that helps an organization to create and increase its value. Ethical issues comes with the importance of understanding operations management.Ethical dilemmas refer to a certain situation or issue wherein a decision has to be made to adopt one of the two equally urgent yet incompatible alternatives (Mirwoba, 2009). star popular ethical issue discussed in the literature regarding operations management is opportunism. This issue has been a topic of many empirical st udies conducted to focus on business and management field. Opportunism is considered in the literature as an unethical behavior which refers to the abuse of opportunity. In company operations, managers or other professionals involved are vulnerable to unethical choices due to fat number of opportunities which may be abused. Some of the factors that drive professionals to engage in unethical behaviors are the pressures brought by the demands for cost reduction and unrealizable strategic objectives. One area of operations which is faced with an increased vulnerability of engaging to unethical behavior is the procurement since the employee assigned in this process handles a momentous criterion of company resources (Carter, 2000). Furthermore, the procurement process has an increased exposure to the remote environment of a certain organization which makes it possible for easy conduct of an unethical act. This is not beneficial to the organization since its reputation is in jeopardy since the employee assigned in the procurement process acts in behalf of the organization as a whole when transaction with third parties.The empirical and conceptual research history of ethics in the procurement process of a business is affluent. The procurement activity within business operations is also the subject of another article by Ho (2012). The importance of ethics in managing business operations is stressed out in the article. Ethics is an essential requirement in arrange to build and maintain a good relationship between a business entity and other parties included in the conduct of its operations such as the suppliers. The procurement function in a business organization is critical for the achievement of business goals since. An organizations effective operations depend on the effective performance of the purchasing function while achieving global competitiveness depends on effective operations. It is therefore important that ethics is integrated in the whole process to ensure good relationship to suppliers and eventually to satisy the needs and wants of the customers. One ethical challenge by procurement officers is the situation where many suppliers compete and offer different favors and gifts just to create a business deal. In many situations, the relationship of the procurement officer not only to the supplier but also to his employer may also be affected. More ethical challenges include having to exagerate the problem of either the buyer or the supplier in order to obtain a business deal, offering preferential treatment to certain parties, allowing certain personalities to interfere with business deals, engaging in reciprocity, and seeking and providing development of different qoutes from different competitors either in a fair or unfair manner. graft is another requently mentioned ethical issue in the literature (Vee Skitmore, 2003). Bribery refers to the act of offering payments, goods or opportunities in exchange for something favorable. Accepting gifts is not a bad act but the situation tells whether it is unethical. When in operations, accepting gifts from people who have direct influence on the operations functions maybe considered as unethical expecially when the person being gifted and have the ability to satisfy the interest of the gift giver. Other ethical issues to consider in operations are breach of confidence, negligence, and fraud.The establishment of a code of conduct within an organization can greatly help operations especialists to decide on a certain ethical issue. Everyday, everyone are faced with the need to decide on a certain ethical issue. Organizations are faced with the pressure of having to demonstrate to the public their ability to decide correctly on an ethical issue. Organizations need to maintain a good reputation and the public trust to ensure their existence on the market. In order to achieve this, it is important for an organization to develop their own ethical code of conduct to guide every employee to decide correctly and to instill discipline among them.Ethical leadership is seen as an important factor to instill ethics in a certain organization (Monahan, 2012). In the literature, ethical leadership is increasingly studied relevant to the operations of organizations. Many articles relating to the role of unethical behaviors in the stroke of great companies take the example of Enron where thousands of employees were harmed due to the unethical actions of a few executives. Not only were the employees harmed but the ethical controversy also influenced other external factors such as the confidence of the public over the financial systems and the emergence of more strict government legislations. The increasing number of companies being involved in many ethical controversies which even brought them down made it possible for the others to realize the importance of integrating ethics in managing company operations in order to ensure profitability. Companies are more and more aware of this trend and have started to take actions to redirect their strategic plans to include ethical strategies in their paths to success. However, this move is neer an easy way since in the current business environment where every company strives for international penetration or globalization and competition is getting tougher, ethical considerations are getting complex and extensive too. In this situation, ethical leadership in a company is needed to be headed by a attractive leader (Mackie, Taylor, Finegold, Daar, Singer, 2006).In two studies mentioned by (Monahan, 2012), it was revealed that one problem among organizations that concerns ethics is the neglect of ethical leadership. Employees often do unethical actions or misconducts due to their lack of trust over their company leaders and the situation is even worsened by the poverty and weak economy. Furthermore, survey results support the idea since a significant percentage of employees were observed to quest ion themselves is ethics even exists within their own organizations. Actually, having to follow the standards is an easy task. However, everythings gets complicated when ethical dilemmas arise and there is no one in the organization to take responsibility. This prompted the need of every organization to have an ethical leader.Managing ethical behavior not only within operations management but within an organization as a whole is one of the nost pervasive and complex challenge of modern companies (Stead, Worrell, Stead, 1990). There are three theories introduced in the literature which describe ethical leadership (Plinio, 2009). These theories include transformational leadership, servant leadership, and authentic leadership. The first theory states that a leadership transforms both the leader and followers through increasing the level of conducts and aspirations. The second theory, on the other hand, states that the leader should possess the character of devotion to change the ethic al views of the followers. Finally, the third theory states that ethics comes from every individual through being true to themselves. Ethical character within an organization will not be achieved unless every member develops their own ethical character within themselves. Every member of an organization should have the choice of analyzing their inner character in every mistakes done, career setbacks that occur, and failures on their jobs. In other words, every organizational leader should develop their integrity to foster ethics.Harris, Sapienza, and Bowie (2011) mentioned in their article the decision-making process of managers. Individual differ in ethical decision-making. In fact, those that belong to the business world even have greater differences than those that do not. The differences may be due to different influences such as socio-cultural factors.Decision-making in a certain ethical situation is really a dilemma. This is especially true when the operations manager is requir ed to choose between two alternatives which are unfavorable. This can be considered a tough challenge for the person in the situation. In some cases, ethical dilemmas may be impossible to resolve due to reasons like sedition of value system. In todays world when every company aims for globalization, companies are faced with conflicting issues between the company objective of profitability and their corporate social responsibility. Ethics in the global market is complicated, so is the decision-making that operations managers have to face.The literature proposes theoretical concepts regarding ethical decision-making including relativism, moral imperialism, and comprehensiveism (Mirwoba, 2009). Relativism refers to the principle that a company should follow the ethical standards and norms of the country where they do business. Companies, therefore, follow different sets of ethical standards depending on the culture of a certain nation. This can be unfavorable to a business since ther e is no constant standard that employees should remember. A company cannot establish its definite ethical standards since cultures in other nations may be conflicting. Complexity occurs when operations in domicile market differ from the operations done in foreign markets. In the theory of moral imperialism, things are done in the opposite way of relativism. Moral imperialists argue that individuals should retain their own ethical views even when doing business in foreign lands. Ethics applied in operations in the home market is done the same way in other company branches even in global markets. Some authors, however, argue that the mentioned theories can both serve as bases for an ethical decision making where a certain alternative is chosen considering the norms in the foreign market and the company standards. In the theory of universalism, universal guidelines are considered. These often include fundamental human rights issues, environmental protection, consumer protection, and ba sic freedoms. This foundation of code of ethics is the most advantageous to many corporations since serious mistakes in actions and uncertainties in operations may be avoided.Most of the discussions focused on the operations management in private corporations which are profit-oriented. However, ethical issues not only occur in profit-oriented companies but also with non-profit corporations (Robinson Yeh, 2007). The challenge of strict compliance to ethical standards among the non-profit corporations is driven by the attempt of doing the right things. Furthermore, non-profit organizations are inclined to achieving their social goals rather than maximizing profits. When people encounter the concept of soc